Tablas de termodinámica, Apuntes de Termodinámica

¡Descarga Tablas de termodinámica y más Apuntes en PDF de Termodinámica solo en Docsity! Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) | 883 Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Table A–6 Superheated water Table A–7 Compressed liquid water Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Pressure table Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a Figure A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart Table A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Table A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 Table A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO Table A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 Table A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O Table A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O Table A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH Table A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm Table A–27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Table A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp Figure A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart Figure A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart Figure A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure Table A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k
1.4 Table A–33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k
1.4 Table A–34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k
1.4 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 883 TABLE A – 1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Gas Critical-point properties Molar mass, constant, Temperature, Pressure, Volume, Substance Formula M kg/kmol R kJ/kg · K* K MPa m3/kmol Air — 28.97 0.2870 132.5 3.77 0.0883 Ammonia NH3 17.03 0.4882 405.5 11.28 0.0724 Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 151 4.86 0.0749 Benzene C6H6 78.115 0.1064 562 4.92 0.2603 Bromine Br2 159.808 0.0520 584 10.34 0.1355 n-Butane C4H10 58.124 0.1430 425.2 3.80 0.2547 Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0.1889 304.2 7.39 0.0943 Carbon monoxide CO 28.011 0.2968 133 3.50 0.0930 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 153.82 0.05405 556.4 4.56 0.2759 Chlorine Cl2 70.906 0.1173 417 7.71 0.1242 Chloroform CHCl3 119.38 0.06964 536.6 5.47 0.2403 Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) CCl2F2 120.91 0.06876 384.7 4.01 0.2179 Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) CHCl2F 102.92 0.08078 451.7 5.17 0.1973 Ethane C2H6 30.070 0.2765 305.5 4.48 0.1480 Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 46.07 0.1805 516 6.38 0.1673 Ethylene C2H4 28.054 0.2964 282.4 5.12 0.1242 Helium He 4.003 2.0769 5.3 0.23 0.0578 n-Hexane C6H14 86.179 0.09647 507.9 3.03 0.3677 Hydrogen (normal) H2 2.016 4.1240 33.3 1.30 0.0649 Krypton Kr 83.80 0.09921 209.4 5.50 0.0924 Methane CH4 16.043 0.5182 191.1 4.64 0.0993 Methyl alcohol CH3OH 32.042 0.2595 513.2 7.95 0.1180 Methyl chloride CH3Cl 50.488 0.1647 416.3 6.68 0.1430 Neon Ne 20.183 0.4119 44.5 2.73 0.0417 Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 126.2 3.39 0.0899 Nitrous oxide N2O 44.013 0.1889 309.7 7.27 0.0961 Oxygen O2 31.999 0.2598 154.8 5.08 0.0780 Propane C3H8 44.097 0.1885 370 4.26 0.1998 Propylene C3H6 42.081 0.1976 365 4.62 0.1810 Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.063 0.1298 430.7 7.88 0.1217 Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) CF3CH2F 102.03 0.08149 374.2 4.059 0.1993 Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) CCl3F 137.37 0.06052 471.2 4.38 0.2478 Water H2O 18.015 0.4615 647.1 22.06 0.0560 Xenon Xe 131.30 0.06332 289.8 5.88 0.1186 *The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m3/kg · K. The gas constant is calculated from R
Ru /M, where Ru
8.31447 kJ/kmol · K and M is the molar mass. Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1. 884 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 884 Appendix 1 | 887 TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded) (c) As a function of temperature _ cp
a  bT  cT 2  dT 3 (T in K, cp in kJ/kmol · K) Temperature % error Substance Formula a b c d range, K Max. Avg. Nitrogen N2 28.90 0.1571  102 0.8081  105 2.873  109 273–1800 0.59 0.34 Oxygen O2 25.48 1.520  102 0.7155  105 1.312  109 273–1800 1.19 0.28 Air — 28.11 0.1967  102 0.4802  105 1.966  109 273–1800 0.72 0.33 Hydrogen H2 29.11 0.1916  102 0.4003  105 0.8704  109 273–1800 1.01 0.26 Carbon monoxide CO 28.16 0.1675  102 0.5372  105 2.222  109 273–1800 0.89 0.37 Carbon dioxide CO2 22.26 5.981  102 3.501  105 7.469  109 273–1800 0.67 0.22 Water vapor H2O 32.24 0.1923  102 1.055  105 3.595  109 273–1800 0.53 0.24 Nitric oxide NO 29.34 0.09395  102 0.9747  105 4.187  109 273–1500 0.97 0.36 Nitrous oxide N2O 24.11 5.8632  102 3.562  105 10.58  109 273–1500 0.59 0.26 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 22.9 5.715  102 3.52  105 7.87  109 273–1500 0.46 0.18 Ammonia NH3 27.568 2.5630  102 0.99072  105 6.6909  109 273–1500 0.91 0.36 Sulfur S2 27.21 2.218  102 1.628  105 3.986  109 273–1800 0.99 0.38 Sulfur dioxide SO2 25.78 5.795  102 3.812  105 8.612  109 273–1800 0.45 0.24 Sulfur trioxide SO3 16.40 14.58  102 11.20  105 32.42  109 273–1300 0.29 0.13 Acetylene C2H2 21.8 9.2143  102 6.527  105 18.21  109 273–1500 1.46 0.59 Benzene C6H6 36.22 48.475  102 31.57  105 77.62  109 273–1500 0.34 0.20 Methanol CH4O 19.0 9.152  102 1.22  105 8.039  109 273–1000 0.18 0.08 Ethanol C2H6O 19.9 20.96  102 10.38  105 20.05  109 273–1500 0.40 0.22 Hydrogen chloride HCl 30.33 0.7620  102 1.327  105 4.338  109 273–1500 0.22 0.08 Methane CH4 19.89 5.024  102 1.269  105 11.01  109 273–1500 1.33 0.57 Ethane C2H6 6.900 17.27  102 6.406  105 7.285  109 273–1500 0.83 0.28 Propane C3H8 4.04 30.48  102 15.72  105 31.74  109 273–1500 0.40 0.12 n-Butane C4H10 3.96 37.15  102 18.34  105 35.00  109 273–1500 0.54 0.24 i-Butane C4H10 7.913 41.60  102 23.01  105 49.91  109 273–1500 0.25 0.13 n-Pentane C5H12 6.774 45.43  102 22.46  105 42.29  109 273–1500 0.56 0.21 n-Hexane C6H14 6.938 55.22  102 28.65  105 57.69  109 273–1500 0.72 0.20 Ethylene C2H4 3.95 15.64  102 8.344  105 17.67  109 273–1500 0.54 0.13 Propylene C3H6 3.15 23.83  102 12.18  105 24.62  109 273–1500 0.73 0.17 Source: B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984). Used with permission. cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 887 TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm Freezing data Liquid properties Normal Latent heat of Latent heat Specific boiling vaporization Freezing of fusion Temperature, Density heat Substance point, °C hfg, kJ/kg point, °C hif , kJ/kg °C r, kg/m3 cp, kJ/kg · K Ammonia 33.3 1357 77.7 322.4 33.3 682 4.43 20 665 4.52 0 639 4.60 25 602 4.80 Argon 185.9 161.6 189.3 28 185.6 1394 1.14 Benzene 80.2 394 5.5 126 20 879 1.72 Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) 103.9 — 17.4 — 20 1150 3.11 n-Butane 0.5 385.2 138.5 80.3 0.5 601 2.31 Carbon dioxide 78.4* 230.5 (at 0°C) 56.6 0 298 0.59 Ethanol 78.2 838.3 114.2 109 25 783 2.46 Ethyl alcohol 78.6 855 156 108 20 789 2.84 Ethylene glycol 198.1 800.1 10.8 181.1 20 1109 2.84 Glycerine 179.9 974 18.9 200.6 20 1261 2.32 Helium 268.9 22.8 — — 268.9 146.2 22.8 Hydrogen 252.8 445.7 259.2 59.5 252.8 70.7 10.0 Isobutane 11.7 367.1 160 105.7 11.7 593.8 2.28 Kerosene 204–293 251 24.9 — 20 820 2.00 Mercury 356.7 294.7 38.9 11.4 25 13,560 0.139 Methane 161.5 510.4 182.2 58.4 161.5 423 3.49 100 301 5.79 Methanol 64.5 1100 97.7 99.2 25 787 2.55 Nitrogen 195.8 198.6 210 25.3 195.8 809 2.06 160 596 2.97 Octane 124.8 306.3 57.5 180.7 20 703 2.10 Oil (light) 25 910 1.80 Oxygen 183 212.7 218.8 13.7 183 1141 1.71 Petroleum — 230–384 20 640 2.0 Propane 42.1 427.8 187.7 80.0 42.1 581 2.25 0 529 2.53 50 449 3.13 Refrigerant-134a 26.1 217.0 96.6 — 50 1443 1.23 26.1 1374 1.27 0 1295 1.34 25 1207 1.43 Water 100 2257 0.0 333.7 0 1000 4.22 25 997 4.18 50 988 4.18 75 975 4.19 100 958 4.22 * Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5°C.) 888 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 888 TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Concluded ) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Density, Specific heat, Density, Specific heat, Substance r kg/m3 cp kJ/kg · K Substance r kg/m3 cp kJ/kg · K Metals Nonmetals Aluminum Asphalt 2110 0.920 200 K 0.797 Brick, common 1922 0.79 250 K 0.859 Brick, fireclay (500°C) 2300 0.960 300 K 2,700 0.902 Concrete 2300 0.653 350 K 0.929 Clay 1000 0.920 400 K 0.949 Diamond 2420 0.616 450 K 0.973 Glass, window 2700 0.800 500 K 0.997 Glass, pyrex 2230 0.840 Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 8,280 0.400 Graphite 2500 0.711 2% Al) Granite 2700 1.017 Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 8,310 0.400 Gypsum or plaster board 800 1.09 35% Zn) Ice Copper 200 K 1.56 173°C 0.254 220 K 1.71 100°C 0.342 240 K 1.86 50°C 0.367 260 K 2.01 0°C 0.381 273 K 921 2.11 27°C 8,900 0.386 Limestone 1650 0.909 100°C 0.393 Marble 2600 0.880 200°C 0.403 Plywood (Douglas Fir) 545 1.21 Iron 7,840 0.45 Rubber (soft) 1100 1.840 Lead 11,310 0.128 Rubber (hard) 1150 2.009 Magnesium 1,730 1.000 Sand 1520 0.800 Nickel 8,890 0.440 Stone 1500 0.800 Silver 10,470 0.235 Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) 721 1.26 Steel, mild 7,830 0.500 Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.) 513 1.38 Tungsten 19,400 0.130 (c) Foods Specific heat, Specific heat, kJ/kg · K Latent kJ/kg · K Latent Water heat of Water heat of content, Freezing Above Below fusion, content, Freezing Above Below fusion, Food % (mass) point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg Food % (mass) point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg Apples 84 1.1 3.65 1.90 281 Lettuce 95 0.2 4.02 2.04 317 Bananas 75 0.8 3.35 1.78 251 Milk, whole 88 0.6 3.79 1.95 294 Beef round 67 — 3.08 1.68 224 Oranges 87 0.8 3.75 1.94 291 Broccoli 90 0.6 3.86 1.97 301 Potatoes 78 0.6 3.45 1.82 261 Butter 16 — — 1.04 53 Salmon fish 64 2.2 2.98 1.65 214 Cheese, swiss 39 10.0 2.15 1.33 130 Shrimp 83 2.2 3.62 1.89 277 Cherries 80 1.8 3.52 1.85 267 Spinach 93 0.3 3.96 2.01 311 Chicken 74 2.8 3.32 1.77 247 Strawberries 90 0.8 3.86 1.97 301 Corn, sweet 74 0.6 3.32 1.77 247 Tomatoes, ripe 94 0.5 3.99 2.02 314 Eggs, whole 74 0.6 3.32 1.77 247 Turkey 64 — 2.98 1.65 214 Ice cream 63 5.6 2.95 1.63 210 Watermelon 93 0.4 3.96 2.01 311 Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods. Appendix 1 | 889 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 889 TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, P kPa Tsat °C vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 1.0 6.97 0.001000 129.19 29.302 2355.2 2384.5 29.303 2484.4 2513.7 0.1059 8.8690 8.9749 1.5 13.02 0.001001 87.964 54.686 2338.1 2392.8 54.688 2470.1 2524.7 0.1956 8.6314 8.8270 2.0 17.50 0.001001 66.990 73.431 2325.5 2398.9 73.433 2459.5 2532.9 0.2606 8.4621 8.7227 2.5 21.08 0.001002 54.242 88.422 2315.4 2403.8 88.424 2451.0 2539.4 0.3118 8.3302 8.6421 3.0 24.08 0.001003 45.654 100.98 2306.9 2407.9 100.98 2443.9 2544.8 0.3543 8.2222 8.5765 4.0 28.96 0.001004 34.791 121.39 2293.1 2414.5 121.39 2432.3 2553.7 0.4224 8.0510 8.4734 5.0 32.87 0.001005 28.185 137.75 2282.1 2419.8 137.75 2423.0 2560.7 0.4762 7.9176 8.3938 7.5 40.29 0.001008 19.233 168.74 2261.1 2429.8 168.75 2405.3 2574.0 0.5763 7.6738 8.2501 10 45.81 0.001010 14.670 191.79 2245.4 2437.2 191.81 2392.1 2583.9 0.6492 7.4996 8.1488 15 53.97 0.001014 10.020 225.93 2222.1 2448.0 225.94 2372.3 2598.3 0.7549 7.2522 8.0071 20 60.06 0.001017 7.6481 251.40 2204.6 2456.0 251.42 2357.5 2608.9 0.8320 7.0752 7.9073 25 64.96 0.001020 6.2034 271.93 2190.4 2462.4 271.96 2345.5 2617.5 0.8932 6.9370 7.8302 30 69.09 0.001022 5.2287 289.24 2178.5 2467.7 289.27 2335.3 2624.6 0.9441 6.8234 7.7675 40 75.86 0.001026 3.9933 317.58 2158.8 2476.3 317.62 2318.4 2636.1 1.0261 6.6430 7.6691 50 81.32 0.001030 3.2403 340.49 2142.7 2483.2 340.54 2304.7 2645.2 1.0912 6.5019 7.5931 75 91.76 0.001037 2.2172 384.36 2111.8 2496.1 384.44 2278.0 2662.4 1.2132 6.2426 7.4558 100 99.61 0.001043 1.6941 417.40 2088.2 2505.6 417.51 2257.5 2675.0 1.3028 6.0562 7.3589 101.325 99.97 0.001043 1.6734 418.95 2087.0 2506.0 419.06 2256.5 2675.6 1.3069 6.0476 7.3545 125 105.97 0.001048 1.3750 444.23 2068.8 2513.0 444.36 2240.6 2684.9 1.3741 5.9100 7.2841 150 111.35 0.001053 1.1594 466.97 2052.3 2519.2 467.13 2226.0 2693.1 1.4337 5.7894 7.2231 175 116.04 0.001057 1.0037 486.82 2037.7 2524.5 487.01 2213.1 2700.2 1.4850 5.6865 7.1716 200 120.21 0.001061 0.88578 504.50 2024.6 2529.1 504.71 2201.6 2706.3 1.5302 5.5968 7.1270 225 123.97 0.001064 0.79329 520.47 2012.7 2533.2 520.71 2191.0 2711.7 1.5706 5.5171 7.0877 250 127.41 0.001067 0.71873 535.08 2001.8 2536.8 535.35 2181.2 2716.5 1.6072 5.4453 7.0525 275 130.58 0.001070 0.65732 548.57 1991.6 2540.1 548.86 2172.0 2720.9 1.6408 5.3800 7.0207 300 133.52 0.001073 0.60582 561.11 1982.1 2543.2 561.43 2163.5 2724.9 1.6717 5.3200 6.9917 325 136.27 0.001076 0.56199 572.84 1973.1 2545.9 573.19 2155.4 2728.6 1.7005 5.2645 6.9650 350 138.86 0.001079 0.52422 583.89 1964.6 2548.5 584.26 2147.7 2732.0 1.7274 5.2128 6.9402 375 141.30 0.001081 0.49133 594.32 1956.6 2550.9 594.73 2140.4 2735.1 1.7526 5.1645 6.9171 400 143.61 0.001084 0.46242 604.22 1948.9 2553.1 604.66 2133.4 2738.1 1.7765 5.1191 6.8955 450 147.90 0.001088 0.41392 622.65 1934.5 2557.1 623.14 2120.3 2743.4 1.8205 5.0356 6.8561 500 151.83 0.001093 0.37483 639.54 1921.2 2560.7 640.09 2108.0 2748.1 1.8604 4.9603 6.8207 550 155.46 0.001097 0.34261 655.16 1908.8 2563.9 655.77 2096.6 2752.4 1.8970 4.8916 6.7886 600 158.83 0.001101 0.31560 669.72 1897.1 2566.8 670.38 2085.8 2756.2 1.9308 4.8285 6.7593 650 161.98 0.001104 0.29260 683.37 1886.1 2569.4 684.08 2075.5 2759.6 1.9623 4.7699 6.7322 700 164.95 0.001108 0.27278 696.23 1875.6 2571.8 697.00 2065.8 2762.8 1.9918 4.7153 6.7071 750 167.75 0.001111 0.25552 708.40 1865.6 2574.0 709.24 2056.4 2765.7 2.0195 4.6642 6.6837 892 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 892 TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table (Continued) Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, P kPa Tsat °C vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 800 170.41 0.001115 0.24035 719.97 1856.1 2576.0 720.87 2047.5 2768.3 2.0457 4.6160 6.6616 850 172.94 0.001118 0.22690 731.00 1846.9 2577.9 731.95 2038.8 2770.8 2.0705 4.5705 6.6409 900 175.35 0.001121 0.21489 741.55 1838.1 2579.6 742.56 2030.5 2773.0 2.0941 4.5273 6.6213 950 177.66 0.001124 0.20411 751.67 1829.6 2581.3 752.74 2022.4 2775.2 2.1166 4.4862 6.6027 1000 179.88 0.001127 0.19436 761.39 1821.4 2582.8 762.51 2014.6 2777.1 2.1381 4.4470 6.5850 1100 184.06 0.001133 0.17745 779.78 1805.7 2585.5 781.03 1999.6 2780.7 2.1785 4.3735 6.5520 1200 187.96 0.001138 0.16326 796.96 1790.9 2587.8 798.33 1985.4 2783.8 2.2159 4.3058 6.5217 1300 191.60 0.001144 0.15119 813.10 1776.8 2589.9 814.59 1971.9 2786.5 2.2508 4.2428 6.4936 1400 195.04 0.001149 0.14078 828.35 1763.4 2591.8 829.96 1958.9 2788.9 2.2835 4.1840 6.4675 1500 198.29 0.001154 0.13171 842.82 1750.6 2593.4 844.55 1946.4 2791.0 2.3143 4.1287 6.4430 1750 205.72 0.001166 0.11344 876.12 1720.6 2596.7 878.16 1917.1 2795.2 2.3844 4.0033 6.3877 2000 212.38 0.001177 0.099587 906.12 1693.0 2599.1 908.47 1889.8 2798.3 2.4467 3.8923 6.3390 2250 218.41 0.001187 0.088717 933.54 1667.3 2600.9 936.21 1864.3 2800.5 2.5029 3.7926 6.2954 2500 223.95 0.001197 0.079952 958.87 1643.2 2602.1 961.87 1840.1 2801.9 2.5542 3.7016 6.2558 3000 233.85 0.001217 0.066667 1004.6 1598.5 2603.2 1008.3 1794.9 2803.2 2.6454 3.5402 6.1856 3500 242.56 0.001235 0.057061 1045.4 1557.6 2603.0 1049.7 1753.0 2802.7 2.7253 3.3991 6.1244 4000 250.35 0.001252 0.049779 1082.4 1519.3 2601.7 1087.4 1713.5 2800.8 2.7966 3.2731 6.0696 5000 263.94 0.001286 0.039448 1148.1 1448.9 2597.0 1154.5 1639.7 2794.2 2.9207 3.0530 5.9737 6000 275.59 0.001319 0.032449 1205.8 1384.1 2589.9 1213.8 1570.9 2784.6 3.0275 2.8627 5.8902 7000 285.83 0.001352 0.027378 1258.0 1323.0 2581.0 1267.5 1505.2 2772.6 3.1220 2.6927 5.8148 8000 295.01 0.001384 0.023525 1306.0 1264.5 2570.5 1317.1 1441.6 2758.7 3.2077 2.5373 5.7450 9000 303.35 0.001418 0.020489 1350.9 1207.6 2558.5 1363.7 1379.3 2742.9 3.2866 2.3925 5.6791 10,000 311.00 0.001452 0.018028 1393.3 1151.8 2545.2 1407.8 1317.6 2725.5 3.3603 2.2556 5.6159 11,000 318.08 0.001488 0.015988 1433.9 1096.6 2530.4 1450.2 1256.1 2706.3 3.4299 2.1245 5.5544 12,000 324.68 0.001526 0.014264 1473.0 1041.3 2514.3 1491.3 1194.1 2685.4 3.4964 1.9975 5.4939 13,000 330.85 0.001566 0.012781 1511.0 985.5 2496.6 1531.4 1131.3 2662.7 3.5606 1.8730 5.4336 14,000 336.67 0.001610 0.011487 1548.4 928.7 2477.1 1571.0 1067.0 2637.9 3.6232 1.7497 5.3728 15,000 342.16 0.001657 0.010341 1585.5 870.3 2455.7 1610.3 1000.5 2610.8 3.6848 1.6261 5.3108 16,000 347.36 0.001710 0.009312 1622.6 809.4 2432.0 1649.9 931.1 2581.0 3.7461 1.5005 5.2466 17,000 352.29 0.001770 0.008374 1660.2 745.1 2405.4 1690.3 857.4 2547.7 3.8082 1.3709 5.1791 18,000 356.99 0.001840 0.007504 1699.1 675.9 2375.0 1732.2 777.8 2510.0 3.8720 1.2343 5.1064 19,000 361.47 0.001926 0.006677 1740.3 598.9 2339.2 1776.8 689.2 2466.0 3.9396 1.0860 5.0256 20,000 365.75 0.002038 0.005862 1785.8 509.0 2294.8 1826.6 585.5 2412.1 4.0146 0.9164 4.9310 21,000 369.83 0.002207 0.004994 1841.6 391.9 2233.5 1888.0 450.4 2338.4 4.1071 0.7005 4.8076 22,000 373.71 0.002703 0.003644 1951.7 140.8 2092.4 2011.1 161.5 2172.6 4.2942 0.2496 4.5439 22,064 373.95 0.003106 0.003106 2015.7 0 2015.7 2084.3 0 2084.3 4.4070 0 4.4070 Appendix 1 | 893 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 893 894 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–6 Superheated water T v u h s v u h s v u h s °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg  K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg  K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg  K P
0.01 MPa (45.81°C)* P
0.05 MPa (81.32°C) P
0.10 MPa (99.61°C) Sat.† 14.670 2437.2 2583.9 8.1488 3.2403 2483.2 2645.2 7.5931 1.6941 2505.6 2675.0 7.3589 50 14.867 2443.3 2592.0 8.1741 100 17.196 2515.5 2687.5 8.4489 3.4187 2511.5 2682.4 7.6953 1.6959 2506.2 2675.8 7.3611 150 19.513 2587.9 2783.0 8.6893 3.8897 2585.7 2780.2 7.9413 1.9367 2582.9 2776.6 7.6148 200 21.826 2661.4 2879.6 8.9049 4.3562 2660.0 2877.8 8.1592 2.1724 2658.2 2875.5 7.8356 250 24.136 2736.1 2977.5 9.1015 4.8206 2735.1 2976.2 8.3568 2.4062 2733.9 2974.5 8.0346 300 26.446 2812.3 3076.7 9.2827 5.2841 2811.6 3075.8 8.5387 2.6389 2810.7 3074.5 8.2172 400 31.063 2969.3 3280.0 9.6094 6.2094 2968.9 3279.3 8.8659 3.1027 2968.3 3278.6 8.5452 500 35.680 3132.9 3489.7 9.8998 7.1338 3132.6 3489.3 9.1566 3.5655 3132.2 3488.7 8.8362 600 40.296 3303.3 3706.3 10.1631 8.0577 3303.1 3706.0 9.4201 4.0279 3302.8 3705.6 9.0999 700 44.911 3480.8 3929.9 10.4056 8.9813 3480.6 3929.7 9.6626 4.4900 3480.4 3929.4 9.3424 800 49.527 3665.4 4160.6 10.6312 9.9047 3665.2 4160.4 9.8883 4.9519 3665.0 4160.2 9.5682 900 54.143 3856.9 4398.3 10.8429 10.8280 3856.8 4398.2 10.1000 5.4137 3856.7 4398.0 9.7800 1000 58.758 4055.3 4642.8 11.0429 11.7513 4055.2 4642.7 10.3000 5.8755 4055.0 4642.6 9.9800 1100 63.373 4260.0 4893.8 11.2326 12.6745 4259.9 4893.7 10.4897 6.3372 4259.8 4893.6 10.1698 1200 67.989 4470.9 5150.8 11.4132 13.5977 4470.8 5150.7 10.6704 6.7988 4470.7 5150.6 10.3504 1300 72.604 4687.4 5413.4 11.5857 14.5209 4687.3 5413.3 10.8429 7.2605 4687.2 5413.3 10.5229 P
0.20 MPa (120.21°C) P
0.30 MPa (133.52°C) P
0.40 MPa (143.61°C) Sat. 0.88578 2529.1 2706.3 7.1270 0.60582 2543.2 2724.9 6.9917 0.46242 2553.1 2738.1 6.8955 150 0.95986 2577.1 2769.1 7.2810 0.63402 2571.0 2761.2 7.0792 0.47088 2564.4 2752.8 6.9306 200 1.08049 2654.6 2870.7 7.5081 0.71643 2651.0 2865.9 7.3132 0.53434 2647.2 2860.9 7.1723 250 1.19890 2731.4 2971.2 7.7100 0.79645 2728.9 2967.9 7.5180 0.59520 2726.4 2964.5 7.3804 300 1.31623 2808.8 3072.1 7.8941 0.87535 2807.0 3069.6 7.7037 0.65489 2805.1 3067.1 7.5677 400 1.54934 2967.2 3277.0 8.2236 1.03155 2966.0 3275.5 8.0347 0.77265 2964.9 3273.9 7.9003 500 1.78142 3131.4 3487.7 8.5153 1.18672 3130.6 3486.6 8.3271 0.88936 3129.8 3485.5 8.1933 600 2.01302 3302.2 3704.8 8.7793 1.34139 3301.6 3704.0 8.5915 1.00558 3301.0 3703.3 8.4580 700 2.24434 3479.9 3928.8 9.0221 1.49580 3479.5 3928.2 8.8345 1.12152 3479.0 3927.6 8.7012 800 2.47550 3664.7 4159.8 9.2479 1.65004 3664.3 4159.3 9.0605 1.23730 3663.9 4158.9 8.9274 900 2.70656 3856.3 4397.7 9.4598 1.80417 3856.0 4397.3 9.2725 1.35298 3855.7 4396.9 9.1394 1000 2.93755 4054.8 4642.3 9.6599 1.95824 4054.5 4642.0 9.4726 1.46859 4054.3 4641.7 9.3396 1100 3.16848 4259.6 4893.3 9.8497 2.11226 4259.4 4893.1 9.6624 1.58414 4259.2 4892.9 9.5295 1200 3.39938 4470.5 5150.4 10.0304 2.26624 4470.3 5150.2 9.8431 1.69966 4470.2 5150.0 9.7102 1300 3.63026 4687.1 5413.1 10.2029 2.42019 4686.9 5413.0 10.0157 1.81516 4686.7 5412.8 9.8828 P
0.50 MPa (151.83°C) P
0.60 MPa (158.83°C) P
0.80 MPa (170.41°C) Sat. 0.37483 2560.7 2748.1 6.8207 0.31560 2566.8 2756.2 6.7593 0.24035 2576.0 2768.3 6.6616 200 0.42503 2643.3 2855.8 7.0610 0.35212 2639.4 2850.6 6.9683 0.26088 2631.1 2839.8 6.8177 250 0.47443 2723.8 2961.0 7.2725 0.39390 2721.2 2957.6 7.1833 0.29321 2715.9 2950.4 7.0402 300 0.52261 2803.3 3064.6 7.4614 0.43442 2801.4 3062.0 7.3740 0.32416 2797.5 3056.9 7.2345 350 0.57015 2883.0 3168.1 7.6346 0.47428 2881.6 3166.1 7.5481 0.35442 2878.6 3162.2 7.4107 400 0.61731 2963.7 3272.4 7.7956 0.51374 2962.5 3270.8 7.7097 0.38429 2960.2 3267.7 7.5735 500 0.71095 3129.0 3484.5 8.0893 0.59200 3128.2 3483.4 8.0041 0.44332 3126.6 3481.3 7.8692 600 0.80409 3300.4 3702.5 8.3544 0.66976 3299.8 3701.7 8.2695 0.50186 3298.7 3700.1 8.1354 700 0.89696 3478.6 3927.0 8.5978 0.74725 3478.1 3926.4 8.5132 0.56011 3477.2 3925.3 8.3794 800 0.98966 3663.6 4158.4 8.8240 0.82457 3663.2 4157.9 8.7395 0.61820 3662.5 4157.0 8.6061 900 1.08227 3855.4 4396.6 9.0362 0.90179 3855.1 4396.2 8.9518 0.67619 3854.5 4395.5 8.8185 1000 1.17480 4054.0 4641.4 9.2364 0.97893 4053.8 4641.1 9.1521 0.73411 4053.3 4640.5 9.0189 1100 1.26728 4259.0 4892.6 9.4263 1.05603 4258.8 4892.4 9.3420 0.79197 4258.3 4891.9 9.2090 1200 1.35972 4470.0 5149.8 9.6071 1.13309 4469.8 5149.6 9.5229 0.84980 4469.4 5149.3 9.3898 1300 1.45214 4686.6 5412.6 9.7797 1.21012 4686.4 5412.5 9.6955 0.90761 4686.1 5412.2 9.5625 *The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure. † Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure. cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 894 TABLE A–6 Superheated water (Concluded) T v u h s v u h s v u h s °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg  K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg  K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg  K P
15.0 MPa (342.16C) P
17.5 MPa (354.67C) P
20.0 MPa (365.75C) Sat. 0.010341 2455.7 2610.8 5.3108 0.007932 2390.7 2529.5 5.1435 0.005862 2294.8 2412.1 4.9310 350 0.011481 2520.9 2693.1 5.4438 400 0.015671 2740.6 2975.7 5.8819 0.012463 2684.3 2902.4 5.7211 0.009950 2617.9 2816.9 5.5526 450 0.018477 2880.8 3157.9 6.1434 0.015204 2845.4 3111.4 6.0212 0.012721 2807.3 3061.7 5.9043 500 0.020828 2998.4 3310.8 6.3480 0.017385 2972.4 3276.7 6.2424 0.014793 2945.3 3241.2 6.1446 550 0.022945 3106.2 3450.4 6.5230 0.019305 3085.8 3423.6 6.4266 0.016571 3064.7 3396.2 6.3390 600 0.024921 3209.3 3583.1 6.6796 0.021073 3192.5 3561.3 6.5890 0.018185 3175.3 3539.0 6.5075 650 0.026804 3310.1 3712.1 6.8233 0.022742 3295.8 3693.8 6.7366 0.019695 3281.4 3675.3 6.6593 700 0.028621 3409.8 3839.1 6.9573 0.024342 3397.5 3823.5 6.8735 0.021134 3385.1 3807.8 6.7991 800 0.032121 3609.3 4091.1 7.2037 0.027405 3599.7 4079.3 7.1237 0.023870 3590.1 4067.5 7.0531 900 0.035503 3811.2 4343.7 7.4288 0.030348 3803.5 4334.6 7.3511 0.026484 3795.7 4325.4 7.2829 1000 0.038808 4017.1 4599.2 7.6378 0.033215 4010.7 4592.0 7.5616 0.029020 4004.3 4584.7 7.4950 1100 0.042062 4227.7 4858.6 7.8339 0.036029 4222.3 4852.8 7.7588 0.031504 4216.9 4847.0 7.6933 1200 0.045279 4443.1 5122.3 8.0192 0.038806 4438.5 5117.6 7.9449 0.033952 4433.8 5112.9 7.8802 1300 0.048469 4663.3 5390.3 8.1952 0.041556 4659.2 5386.5 8.1215 0.036371 4655.2 5382.7 8.0574 P
25.0 MPa P
30.0 MPa P
35.0 MPa 375 0.001978 1799.9 1849.4 4.0345 0.001792 1738.1 1791.9 3.9313 0.001701 1702.8 1762.4 3.8724 400 0.006005 2428.5 2578.7 5.1400 0.002798 2068.9 2152.8 4.4758 0.002105 1914.9 1988.6 4.2144 425 0.007886 2607.8 2805.0 5.4708 0.005299 2452.9 2611.8 5.1473 0.003434 2253.3 2373.5 4.7751 450 0.009176 2721.2 2950.6 5.6759 0.006737 2618.9 2821.0 5.4422 0.004957 2497.5 2671.0 5.1946 500 0.011143 2887.3 3165.9 5.9643 0.008691 2824.0 3084.8 5.7956 0.006933 2755.3 2997.9 5.6331 550 0.012736 3020.8 3339.2 6.1816 0.010175 2974.5 3279.7 6.0403 0.008348 2925.8 3218.0 5.9093 600 0.014140 3140.0 3493.5 6.3637 0.011445 3103.4 3446.8 6.2373 0.009523 3065.6 3399.0 6.1229 650 0.015430 3251.9 3637.7 6.5243 0.012590 3221.7 3599.4 6.4074 0.010565 3190.9 3560.7 6.3030 700 0.016643 3359.9 3776.0 6.6702 0.013654 3334.3 3743.9 6.5599 0.011523 3308.3 3711.6 6.4623 800 0.018922 3570.7 4043.8 6.9322 0.015628 3551.2 4020.0 6.8301 0.013278 3531.6 3996.3 6.7409 900 0.021075 3780.2 4307.1 7.1668 0.017473 3764.6 4288.8 7.0695 0.014904 3749.0 4270.6 6.9853 1000 0.023150 3991.5 4570.2 7.3821 0.019240 3978.6 4555.8 7.2880 0.016450 3965.8 4541.5 7.2069 1100 0.025172 4206.1 4835.4 7.5825 0.020954 4195.2 4823.9 7.4906 0.017942 4184.4 4812.4 7.4118 1200 0.027157 4424.6 5103.5 7.7710 0.022630 4415.3 5094.2 7.6807 0.019398 4406.1 5085.0 7.6034 1300 0.029115 4647.2 5375.1 7.9494 0.024279 4639.2 5367.6 7.8602 0.020827 4631.2 5360.2 7.7841 P
40.0 MPa P
50.0 MPa P
60.0 MPa 375 0.001641 1677.0 1742.6 3.8290 0.001560 1638.6 1716.6 3.7642 0.001503 1609.7 1699.9 3.7149 400 0.001911 1855.0 1931.4 4.1145 0.001731 1787.8 1874.4 4.0029 0.001633 1745.2 1843.2 3.9317 425 0.002538 2097.5 2199.0 4.5044 0.002009 1960.3 2060.7 4.2746 0.001816 1892.9 2001.8 4.1630 450 0.003692 2364.2 2511.8 4.9449 0.002487 2160.3 2284.7 4.5896 0.002086 2055.1 2180.2 4.4140 500 0.005623 2681.6 2906.5 5.4744 0.003890 2528.1 2722.6 5.1762 0.002952 2393.2 2570.3 4.9356 550 0.006985 2875.1 3154.4 5.7857 0.005118 2769.5 3025.4 5.5563 0.003955 2664.6 2901.9 5.3517 600 0.008089 3026.8 3350.4 6.0170 0.006108 2947.1 3252.6 5.8245 0.004833 2866.8 3156.8 5.6527 650 0.009053 3159.5 3521.6 6.2078 0.006957 3095.6 3443.5 6.0373 0.005591 3031.3 3366.8 5.8867 700 0.009930 3282.0 3679.2 6.3740 0.007717 3228.7 3614.6 6.2179 0.006265 3175.4 3551.3 6.0814 800 0.011521 3511.8 3972.6 6.6613 0.009073 3472.2 3925.8 6.5225 0.007456 3432.6 3880.0 6.4033 900 0.012980 3733.3 4252.5 6.9107 0.010296 3702.0 4216.8 6.7819 0.008519 3670.9 4182.1 6.6725 1000 0.014360 3952.9 4527.3 7.1355 0.011441 3927.4 4499.4 7.0131 0.009504 3902.0 4472.2 6.9099 1100 0.015686 4173.7 4801.1 7.3425 0.012534 4152.2 4778.9 7.2244 0.010439 4130.9 4757.3 7.1255 1200 0.016976 4396.9 5075.9 7.5357 0.013590 4378.6 5058.1 7.4207 0.011339 4360.5 5040.8 7.3248 1300 0.018239 4623.3 5352.8 7.7175 0.014620 4607.5 5338.5 7.6048 0.012213 4591.8 5324.5 7.5111 Appendix 1 | 897 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 897 TABLE A–7 Compressed liquid water T v u h s v u h s v u h s °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
K P  5 MPa (263.94C) P  10 MPa (311.00C) P  15 MPa (342.16C) Sat. 0.0012862 1148.1 1154.5 2.9207 0.0014522 1393.3 1407.9 3.3603 0.0016572 1585.5 1610.3 3.6848 0 0.0009977 0.04 5.03 0.0001 0.0009952 0.12 10.07 0.0003 0.0009928 0.18 15.07 0.0004 20 0.0009996 83.61 88.61 0.2954 0.0009973 83.31 93.28 0.2943 0.0009951 83.01 97.93 0.2932 40 0.0010057 166.92 171.95 0.5705 0.0010035 166.33 176.37 0.5685 0.0010013 165.75 180.77 0.5666 60 0.0010149 250.29 255.36 0.8287 0.0010127 249.43 259.55 0.8260 0.0010105 248.58 263.74 0.8234 80 0.0010267 333.82 338.96 1.0723 0.0010244 332.69 342.94 1.0691 0.0010221 331.59 346.92 1.0659 100 0.0010410 417.65 422.85 1.3034 0.0010385 416.23 426.62 1.2996 0.0010361 414.85 430.39 1.2958 120 0.0010576 501.91 507.19 1.5236 0.0010549 500.18 510.73 1.5191 0.0010522 498.50 514.28 1.5148 140 0.0010769 586.80 592.18 1.7344 0.0010738 584.72 595.45 1.7293 0.0010708 582.69 598.75 1.7243 160 0.0010988 672.55 678.04 1.9374 0.0010954 670.06 681.01 1.9316 0.0010920 667.63 684.01 1.9259 180 0.0011240 759.47 765.09 2.1338 0.0011200 756.48 767.68 2.1271 0.0011160 753.58 770.32 2.1206 200 0.0011531 847.92 853.68 2.3251 0.0011482 844.32 855.80 2.3174 0.0011435 840.84 858.00 2.3100 220 0.0011868 938.39 944.32 2.5127 0.0011809 934.01 945.82 2.5037 0.0011752 929.81 947.43 2.4951 240 0.0012268 1031.6 1037.7 2.6983 0.0012192 1026.2 1038.3 2.6876 0.0012121 1021.0 1039.2 2.6774 260 0.0012755 1128.5 1134.9 2.8841 0.0012653 1121.6 1134.3 2.8710 0.0012560 1115.1 1134.0 2.8586 280 0.0013226 1221.8 1235.0 3.0565 0.0013096 1213.4 1233.0 3.0410 300 0.0013980 1329.4 1343.3 3.2488 0.0013783 1317.6 1338.3 3.2279 320 0.0014733 1431.9 1454.0 3.4263 340 0.0016311 1567.9 1592.4 3.6555 P  20 MPa (365.75C) P  30 MPa P  50 MPa Sat. 0.0020378 1785.8 1826.6 4.0146 0 0.0009904 0.23 20.03 0.0005 0.0009857 0.29 29.86 0.0003 0.0009767 0.29 49.13 0.0010 20 0.0009929 82.71 102.57 0.2921 0.0009886 82.11 111.77 0.2897 0.0009805 80.93 129.95 0.2845 40 0.0009992 165.17 185.16 0.5646 0.0009951 164.05 193.90 0.5607 0.0009872 161.90 211.25 0.5528 60 0.0010084 247.75 267.92 0.8208 0.0010042 246.14 276.26 0.8156 0.0009962 243.08 292.88 0.8055 80 0.0010199 330.50 350.90 1.0627 0.0010155 328.40 358.86 1.0564 0.0010072 324.42 374.78 1.0442 100 0.0010337 413.50 434.17 1.2920 0.0010290 410.87 441.74 1.2847 0.0010201 405.94 456.94 1.2705 120 0.0010496 496.85 517.84 1.5105 0.0010445 493.66 525.00 1.5020 0.0010349 487.69 539.43 1.4859 140 0.0010679 580.71 602.07 1.7194 0.0010623 576.90 608.76 1.7098 0.0010517 569.77 622.36 1.6916 160 0.0010886 665.28 687.05 1.9203 0.0010823 660.74 693.21 1.9094 0.0010704 652.33 705.85 1.8889 180 0.0011122 750.78 773.02 2.1143 0.0011049 745.40 778.55 2.1020 0.0010914 735.49 790.06 2.0790 200 0.0011390 837.49 860.27 2.3027 0.0011304 831.11 865.02 2.2888 0.0011149 819.45 875.19 2.2628 220 0.0011697 925.77 949.16 2.4867 0.0011595 918.15 952.93 2.4707 0.0011412 904.39 961.45 2.4414 240 0.0012053 1016.1 1040.2 2.6676 0.0011927 1006.9 1042.7 2.6491 0.0011708 990.55 1049.1 2.6156 260 0.0012472 1109.0 1134.0 2.8469 0.0012314 1097.8 1134.7 2.8250 0.0012044 1078.2 1138.4 2.7864 280 0.0012978 1205.6 1231.5 3.0265 0.0012770 1191.5 1229.8 3.0001 0.0012430 1167.7 1229.9 2.9547 300 0.0013611 1307.2 1334.4 3.2091 0.0013322 1288.9 1328.9 3.1761 0.0012879 1259.6 1324.0 3.1218 320 0.0014450 1416.6 1445.5 3.3996 0.0014014 1391.7 1433.7 3.3558 0.0013409 1354.3 1421.4 3.2888 340 0.0015693 1540.2 1571.6 3.6086 0.0014932 1502.4 1547.1 3.5438 0.0014049 1452.9 1523.1 3.4575 360 0.0018248 1703.6 1740.1 3.8787 0.0016276 1626.8 1675.6 3.7499 0.0014848 1556.5 1630.7 3.6301 380 0.0018729 1782.0 1838.2 4.0026 0.0015884 1667.1 1746.5 3.8102 898 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 5/10/05 12:30 PM Page 898 Appendix 1 | 899 TABLE A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., ice, vapor, ice, Subl., vapor, ice, Subl., vapor, ice, Subl., vapor, T °C Psat kPa vi vg ui uig ug hi hig hg si sig sg 0.01 0.61169 0.001091 205.99 333.40 2707.9 2374.5 333.40 2833.9 2500.5 1.2202 10.374 9.154 0 0.61115 0.001091 206.17 333.43 2707.9 2374.5 333.43 2833.9 2500.5 1.2204 10.375 9.154 2 0.51772 0.001091 241.62 337.63 2709.4 2371.8 337.63 2834.5 2496.8 1.2358 10.453 9.218 4 0.43748 0.001090 283.84 341.80 2710.8 2369.0 341.80 2835.0 2493.2 1.2513 10.533 9.282 6 0.36873 0.001090 334.27 345.94 2712.2 2366.2 345.93 2835.4 2489.5 1.2667 10.613 9.347 8 0.30998 0.001090 394.66 350.04 2713.5 2363.5 350.04 2835.8 2485.8 1.2821 10.695 9.413 10 0.25990 0.001089 467.17 354.12 2714.8 2360.7 354.12 2836.2 2482.1 1.2976 10.778 9.480 12 0.21732 0.001089 554.47 358.17 2716.1 2357.9 358.17 2836.6 2478.4 1.3130 10.862 9.549 14 0.18121 0.001088 659.88 362.18 2717.3 2355.2 362.18 2836.9 2474.7 1.3284 10.947 9.618 16 0.15068 0.001088 787.51 366.17 2718.6 2352.4 366.17 2837.2 2471.0 1.3439 11.033 9.689 18 0.12492 0.001088 942.51 370.13 2719.7 2349.6 370.13 2837.5 2467.3 1.3593 11.121 9.761 20 0.10326 0.001087 1131.3 374.06 2720.9 2346.8 374.06 2837.7 2463.6 1.3748 11.209 9.835 22 0.08510 0.001087 1362.0 377.95 2722.0 2344.1 377.95 2837.9 2459.9 1.3903 11.300 9.909 24 0.06991 0.001087 1644.7 381.82 2723.1 2341.3 381.82 2838.1 2456.2 1.4057 11.391 9.985 26 0.05725 0.001087 1992.2 385.66 2724.2 2338.5 385.66 2838.2 2452.5 1.4212 11.484 10.063 28 0.04673 0.001086 2421.0 389.47 2725.2 2335.7 389.47 2838.3 2448.8 1.4367 11.578 10.141 30 0.03802 0.001086 2951.7 393.25 2726.2 2332.9 393.25 2838.4 2445.1 1.4521 11.673 10.221 32 0.03082 0.001086 3610.9 397.00 2727.2 2330.2 397.00 2838.4 2441.4 1.4676 11.770 10.303 34 0.02490 0.001085 4432.4 400.72 2728.1 2327.4 400.72 2838.5 2437.7 1.4831 11.869 10.386 36 0.02004 0.001085 5460.1 404.40 2729.0 2324.6 404.40 2838.4 2434.0 1.4986 11.969 10.470 38 0.01608 0.001085 6750.5 408.07 2729.9 2321.8 408.07 2838.4 2430.3 1.5141 12.071 10.557 40 0.01285 0.001084 8376.7 411.70 2730.7 2319.0 411.70 2838.3 2426.6 1.5296 12.174 10.644 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 899 902 | Thermodynamics TABLE A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, T °C Psat kPa vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 40 51.25 0.0007054 0.36081 0.036 207.40 207.37 0.000 225.86 225.86 0.00000 0.96866 0.96866 38 56.86 0.0007083 0.32732 2.475 206.04 208.51 2.515 224.61 227.12 0.01072 0.95511 0.96584 36 62.95 0.0007112 0.29751 4.992 204.67 209.66 5.037 223.35 228.39 0.02138 0.94176 0.96315 34 69.56 0.0007142 0.27090 7.517 203.29 210.81 7.566 222.09 229.65 0.03199 0.92859 0.96058 32 76.71 0.0007172 0.24711 10.05 201.91 211.96 10.10 220.81 230.91 0.04253 0.91560 0.95813 30 84.43 0.0007203 0.22580 12.59 200.52 213.11 12.65 219.52 232.17 0.05301 0.90278 0.95579 28 92.76 0.0007234 0.20666 15.13 199.12 214.25 15.20 218.22 233.43 0.06344 0.89012 0.95356 26 101.73 0.0007265 0.18946 17.69 197.72 215.40 17.76 216.92 234.68 0.07382 0.87762 0.95144 24 111.37 0.0007297 0.17395 20.25 196.30 216.55 20.33 215.59 235.92 0.08414 0.86527 0.94941 22 121.72 0.0007329 0.15995 22.82 194.88 217.70 22.91 214.26 s237.17 0.09441 0.85307 0.94748 20 132.82 0.0007362 0.14729 25.39 193.45 218.84 25.49 212.91 238.41 0.10463 0.84101 0.94564 18 144.69 0.0007396 0.13583 27.98 192.01 219.98 28.09 211.55 239.64 0.11481 0.82908 0.94389 16 157.38 0.0007430 0.12542 30.57 190.56 221.13 30.69 210.18 240.87 0.12493 0.81729 0.94222 14 170.93 0.0007464 0.11597 33.17 189.09 222.27 33.30 208.79 242.09 0.13501 0.80561 0.94063 12 185.37 0.0007499 0.10736 35.78 187.62 223.40 35.92 207.38 243.30 0.14504 0.79406 0.93911 10 200.74 0.0007535 0.099516 38.40 186.14 224.54 38.55 205.96 244.51 0.15504 0.78263 0.93766 8 217.08 0.0007571 0.092352 41.03 184.64 225.67 41.19 204.52 245.72 0.16498 0.77130 0.93629 6 234.44 0.0007608 0.085802 43.66 183.13 226.80 43.84 203.07 246.91 0.17489 0.76008 0.93497 4 252.85 0.0007646 0.079804 46.31 181.61 227.92 46.50 201.60 248.10 0.18476 0.74896 0.93372 2 272.36 0.0007684 0.074304 48.96 180.08 229.04 49.17 200.11 249.28 0.19459 0.73794 0.93253 0 293.01 0.0007723 0.069255 51.63 178.53 230.16 51.86 198.60 250.45 0.20439 0.72701 0.93139 2 314.84 0.0007763 0.064612 54.30 176.97 231.27 54.55 197.07 251.61 0.21415 0.71616 0.93031 4 337.90 0.0007804 0.060338 56.99 175.39 232.38 57.25 195.51 252.77 0.22387 0.70540 0.92927 6 362.23 0.0007845 0.056398 59.68 173.80 233.48 59.97 193.94 253.91 0.23356 0.69471 0.92828 8 387.88 0.0007887 0.052762 62.39 172.19 234.58 62.69 192.35 255.04 0.24323 0.68410 0.92733 10 414.89 0.0007930 0.049403 65.10 170.56 235.67 65.43 190.73 256.16 0.25286 0.67356 0.92641 12 443.31 0.0007975 0.046295 67.83 168.92 236.75 68.18 189.09 257.27 0.26246 0.66308 0.92554 14 473.19 0.0008020 0.043417 70.57 167.26 237.83 70.95 187.42 258.37 0.27204 0.65266 0.92470 16 504.58 0.0008066 0.040748 73.32 165.58 238.90 73.73 185.73 259.46 0.28159 0.64230 0.92389 18 537.52 0.0008113 0.038271 76.08 163.88 239.96 76.52 184.01 260.53 0.29112 0.63198 0.92310 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 902 TABLE A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table (Continued) Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, T °C Psat kPa vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 20 572.07 0.0008161 0.035969 78.86 162.16 241.02 79.32 182.27 261.59 0.30063 0.62172 0.92234 22 608.27 0.0008210 0.033828 81.64 160.42 242.06 82.14 180.49 262.64 0.31011 0.61149 0.92160 24 646.18 0.0008261 0.031834 84.44 158.65 243.10 84.98 178.69 263.67 0.31958 0.60130 0.92088 26 685.84 0.0008313 0.029976 87.26 156.87 244.12 87.83 176.85 264.68 0.32903 0.59115 0.92018 28 727.31 0.0008366 0.028242 90.09 155.05 245.14 90.69 174.99 265.68 0.33846 0.58102 0.91948 30 770.64 0.0008421 0.026622 92.93 153.22 246.14 93.58 173.08 266.66 0.34789 0.57091 0.91879 32 815.89 0.0008478 0.025108 95.79 151.35 247.14 96.48 171.14 267.62 0.35730 0.56082 0.91811 34 863.11 0.0008536 0.023691 98.66 149.46 248.12 99.40 169.17 268.57 0.36670 0.55074 0.91743 36 912.35 0.0008595 0.022364 101.55 147.54 249.08 102.33 167.16 269.49 0.37609 0.54066 0.91675 38 963.68 0.0008657 0.021119 104.45 145.58 250.04 105.29 165.10 270.39 0.38548 0.53058 0.91606 40 1017.1 0.0008720 0.019952 107.38 143.60 250.97 108.26 163.00 271.27 0.39486 0.52049 0.91536 42 1072.8 0.0008786 0.018855 110.32 141.58 251.89 111.26 160.86 272.12 0.40425 0.51039 0.91464 44 1130.7 0.0008854 0.017824 113.28 139.52 252.80 114.28 158.67 272.95 0.41363 0.50027 0.91391 46 1191.0 0.0008924 0.016853 116.26 137.42 253.68 117.32 156.43 273.75 0.42302 0.49012 0.91315 48 1253.6 0.0008996 0.015939 119.26 135.29 254.55 120.39 154.14 274.53 0.43242 0.47993 0.91236 52 1386.2 0.0009150 0.014265 125.33 130.88 256.21 126.59 149.39 275.98 0.45126 0.45941 0.91067 56 1529.1 0.0009317 0.012771 131.49 126.28 257.77 132.91 144.38 277.30 0.47018 0.43863 0.90880 60 1682.8 0.0009498 0.011434 137.76 121.46 259.22 139.36 139.10 278.46 0.48920 0.41749 0.90669 65 1891.0 0.0009750 0.009950 145.77 115.05 260.82 147.62 132.02 279.64 0.51320 0.39039 0.90359 70 2118.2 0.0010037 0.008642 154.01 108.14 262.15 156.13 124.32 280.46 0.53755 0.36227 0.89982 75 2365.8 0.0010372 0.007480 162.53 100.60 263.13 164.98 115.85 280.82 0.56241 0.33272 0.89512 80 2635.3 0.0010772 0.006436 171.40 92.23 263.63 174.24 106.35 280.59 0.58800 0.30111 0.88912 85 2928.2 0.0011270 0.005486 180.77 82.67 263.44 184.07 95.44 279.51 0.61473 0.26644 0.88117 90 3246.9 0.0011932 0.004599 190.89 71.29 262.18 194.76 82.35 277.11 0.64336 0.22674 0.87010 95 3594.1 0.0012933 0.003726 202.40 56.47 258.87 207.05 65.21 272.26 0.67578 0.17711 0.85289 100 3975.1 0.0015269 0.002630 218.72 29.19 247.91 224.79 33.58 258.37 0.72217 0.08999 0.81215 Source: Tables A–11 through A–13 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the R134a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at 40°C (and 40°F). Appendix 1 | 903 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 903 TABLE A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, P kPa Tsat °C vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 60 36.95 0.0007098 0.31121 3.798 205.32 209.12 3.841 223.95 227.79 0.01634 0.94807 0.96441 70 33.87 0.0007144 0.26929 7.680 203.20 210.88 7.730 222.00 229.73 0.03267 0.92775 0.96042 80 31.13 0.0007185 0.23753 11.15 201.30 212.46 11.21 220.25 231.46 0.04711 0.90999 0.95710 90 28.65 0.0007223 0.21263 14.31 199.57 213.88 14.37 218.65 233.02 0.06008 0.89419 0.95427 100 26.37 0.0007259 0.19254 17.21 197.98 215.19 17.28 217.16 234.44 0.07188 0.87995 0.95183 120 22.32 0.0007324 0.16212 22.40 195.11 217.51 22.49 214.48 236.97 0.09275 0.85503 0.94779 140 18.77 0.0007383 0.14014 26.98 192.57 219.54 27.08 212.08 239.16 0.11087 0.83368 0.94456 160 15.60 0.0007437 0.12348 31.09 190.27 221.35 31.21 209.90 241.11 0.12693 0.81496 0.94190 180 12.73 0.0007487 0.11041 34.83 188.16 222.99 34.97 207.90 242.86 0.14139 0.79826 0.93965 200 10.09 0.0007533 0.099867 38.28 186.21 224.48 38.43 206.03 244.46 0.15457 0.78316 0.93773 240 5.38 0.0007620 0.083897 44.48 182.67 227.14 44.66 202.62 247.28 0.17794 0.75664 0.93458 280 1.25 0.0007699 0.072352 49.97 179.50 229.46 50.18 199.54 249.72 0.19829 0.73381 0.93210 320 2.46 0.0007772 0.063604 54.92 176.61 231.52 55.16 196.71 251.88 0.21637 0.71369 0.93006 360 5.82 0.0007841 0.056738 59.44 173.94 233.38 59.72 194.08 253.81 0.23270 0.69566 0.92836 400 8.91 0.0007907 0.051201 63.62 171.45 235.07 63.94 191.62 255.55 0.24761 0.67929 0.92691 450 12.46 0.0007985 0.045619 68.45 168.54 237.00 68.81 188.71 257.53 0.26465 0.66069 0.92535 500 15.71 0.0008059 0.041118 72.93 165.82 238.75 73.33 185.98 259.30 0.28023 0.64377 0.92400 550 18.73 0.0008130 0.037408 77.10 163.25 240.35 77.54 183.38 260.92 0.29461 0.62821 0.92282 600 21.55 0.0008199 0.034295 81.02 160.81 241.83 81.51 180.90 262.40 0.30799 0.61378 0.92177 650 24.20 0.0008266 0.031646 84.72 158.48 243.20 85.26 178.51 263.77 0.32051 0.60030 0.92081 700 26.69 0.0008331 0.029361 88.24 156.24 244.48 88.82 176.21 265.03 0.33230 0.58763 0.91994 750 29.06 0.0008395 0.027371 91.59 154.08 245.67 92.22 173.98 266.20 0.34345 0.57567 0.91912 800 31.31 0.0008458 0.025621 94.79 152.00 246.79 95.47 171.82 267.29 0.35404 0.56431 0.91835 850 33.45 0.0008520 0.024069 97.87 149.98 247.85 98.60 169.71 268.31 0.36413 0.55349 0.91762 900 35.51 0.0008580 0.022683 100.83 148.01 248.85 101.61 167.66 269.26 0.37377 0.54315 0.91692 950 37.48 0.0008641 0.021438 103.69 146.10 249.79 104.51 165.64 270.15 0.38301 0.53323 0.91624 1000 39.37 0.0008700 0.020313 106.45 144.23 250.68 107.32 163.67 270.99 0.39189 0.52368 0.91558 1200 46.29 0.0008934 0.016715 116.70 137.11 253.81 117.77 156.10 273.87 0.42441 0.48863 0.91303 1400 52.40 0.0009166 0.014107 125.94 130.43 256.37 127.22 148.90 276.12 0.45315 0.45734 0.91050 1600 57.88 0.0009400 0.012123 134.43 124.04 258.47 135.93 141.93 277.86 0.47911 0.42873 0.90784 1800 62.87 0.0009639 0.010559 142.33 117.83 260.17 144.07 135.11 279.17 0.50294 0.40204 0.90498 2000 67.45 0.0009886 0.009288 149.78 111.73 261.51 151.76 128.33 280.09 0.52509 0.37675 0.90184 2500 77.54 0.0010566 0.006936 166.99 96.47 263.45 169.63 111.16 280.79 0.57531 0.31695 0.89226 3000 86.16 0.0011406 0.005275 183.04 80.22 263.26 186.46 92.63 279.09 0.62118 0.25776 0.87894 904 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 904 Appendix 1 | 907 20 10 4 1 0.1 0.04 0.02 0.01 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Enthalpy, kJ/kg Pr es su re , M Pa 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 0.2 0.4 2 20 10 4 1 0.1 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.2 R-134a T = 0 T = 0°°CC 2020 ––2020 ––4040 ––6060 4040 6060 8080 100 15 00 0. 64 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 –4 0 –2 0 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 14 0 T = 1 60 °C 18 0 20 0 2. 48 2. 64 2. 72s = 2 .5 6 22 0 24 0 26 0 28 0 30 0 sa tu ra te d va po r X = 0 .5 0. 72 0. 80 0. 88 sa tu ra te d liq ui ds 0. 96 1. 04 1. 12 1. 20 1. 28 1. 36 1. 44 1. 52 1. 60 1. 68 1. 76 1. 84 1. 92 2. 00 2. 08 2. 24 2. 32 2. 40 2. 48 s = 2. 16 k J/ kg
K 14 50 14 00 13 50 13 00 12 50 12 00 k g/ m 3 11 50 11 00 10 50 10 00 95 0 90 0 85 0 80 0 700 600 500 400 300 160 120 90 70 60 50 40 32 24 16 12 8 6 Densityh = 200 kg/m3 4 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 T = 0°C 20 –20 –40 –60 40 60 80 60 80 10 0 T = 1 60 °C 18 0 20 0 s 2 .1 6 kJ /k g Density = 200 kg/ 3 0.4 2 FIGURE A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a. Note: The reference point used for the chart is different than that used in the R-134a tables. Therefore, problems should be solved using all property data either from the tables or from the chart, but not from both. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA. cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 907 FIGURE A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart. Used with permission of Dr. Edward E. Obert, University of Wisconsin. 908 | Thermodynamics 1.00 REDUCED PRESSURE, P R P v — – R T C O M PR E SS IB IL IT Y F A C T O R , Z = 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 (a) Low pressures, 0 < P R < 1.0 0.65 0.60 T R = 1.0 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.60 2.00 3.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 .070 T R = 5.00 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 v R = 0.7 2.002.202.402.60 3.003.504.005.006.008.00 2.00 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.05 1.10 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.90 0.95Z P R 0.70 0.65 0.60 30 20 15 12 10 vrR NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS CHART No. 1 PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME, P —– Pcr REDUCED PRESSURE, P R = T R = 2.5 Z ≈1.00 T R = 15 ≈ T R = 3.00 REDUCED TEMPERATURE, T —– Tcr T R = v ––—––– RTcr / Pcr v R = 1953 NOTE ---DEVIATION > 1.0% NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS CHART No. 2 PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME, P —– Pcr REDUCED PRESSURE, P R = REDUCED TEMPERATURE, T —– Tcr T R = v —– RTcr / Pcr v R = 1953T R = 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.80 2.00 3.50 2.50 T R = 5.00 v R = 0.200.25 0.300.35 0.400.45v R = 0.500.600.70 0.80 0.9 0 1.00 1.2 0 1.40 1.6 03. 00 2. 00 3. 00 5 REDUCED PRESSURE, P R P v — – R T C O M PR E SS IB IL IT Y F A C T O R , Z = (b) Intermediate pressures, 0 < P R < 7 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.51.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 908 TABLE A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Speed of Thermal Altitude, Temperature, Pressure, Gravity Sound, Density, Viscosity Conductivity, m °C kPa g, m/s2 m/s kg/m3 m, kg/m · s W/m · K 0 15.00 101.33 9.807 340.3 1.225 1.789  105 0.0253 200 13.70 98.95 9.806 339.5 1.202 1.783  105 0.0252 400 12.40 96.61 9.805 338.8 1.179 1.777  105 0.0252 600 11.10 94.32 9.805 338.0 1.156 1.771  105 0.0251 800 9.80 92.08 9.804 337.2 1.134 1.764  105 0.0250 1000 8.50 89.88 9.804 336.4 1.112 1.758  105 0.0249 1200 7.20 87.72 9.803 335.7 1.090 1.752  105 0.0248 1400 5.90 85.60 9.802 334.9 1.069 1.745  105 0.0247 1600 4.60 83.53 9.802 334.1 1.048 1.739  105 0.0245 1800 3.30 81.49 9.801 333.3 1.027 1.732  105 0.0244 2000 2.00 79.50 9.800 332.5 1.007 1.726  105 0.0243 2200 0.70 77.55 9.800 331.7 0.987 1.720  105 0.0242 2400 0.59 75.63 9.799 331.0 0.967 1.713  105 0.0241 2600 1.89 73.76 9.799 330.2 0.947 1.707  105 0.0240 2800 3.19 71.92 9.798 329.4 0.928 1.700  105 0.0239 3000 4.49 70.12 9.797 328.6 0.909 1.694  105 0.0238 3200 5.79 68.36 9.797 327.8 0.891 1.687  105 0.0237 3400 7.09 66.63 9.796 327.0 0.872 1.681  105 0.0236 3600 8.39 64.94 9.796 326.2 0.854 1.674  105 0.0235 3800 9.69 63.28 9.795 325.4 0.837 1.668  105 0.0234 4000 10.98 61.66 9.794 324.6 0.819 1.661  105 0.0233 4200 12.3 60.07 9.794 323.8 0.802 1.655  105 0.0232 4400 13.6 58.52 9.793 323.0 0.785 1.648  105 0.0231 4600 14.9 57.00 9.793 322.2 0.769 1.642  105 0.0230 4800 16.2 55.51 9.792 321.4 0.752 1.635  105 0.0229 5000 17.5 54.05 9.791 320.5 0.736 1.628  105 0.0228 5200 18.8 52.62 9.791 319.7 0.721 1.622  105 0.0227 5400 20.1 51.23 9.790 318.9 0.705 1.615  105 0.0226 5600 21.4 49.86 9.789 318.1 0.690 1.608  105 0.0224 5800 22.7 48.52 9.785 317.3 0.675 1.602  105 0.0223 6000 24.0 47.22 9.788 316.5 0.660 1.595  105 0.0222 6200 25.3 45.94 9.788 315.6 0.646 1.588  105 0.0221 6400 26.6 44.69 9.787 314.8 0.631 1.582  105 0.0220 6600 27.9 43.47 9.786 314.0 0.617 1.575  105 0.0219 6800 29.2 42.27 9.785 313.1 0.604 1.568  105 0.0218 7000 30.5 41.11 9.785 312.3 0.590 1.561  105 0.0217 8000 36.9 35.65 9.782 308.1 0.526 1.527  105 0.0212 9000 43.4 30.80 9.779 303.8 0.467 1.493  105 0.0206 10,000 49.9 26.50 9.776 299.5 0.414 1.458  105 0.0201 12,000 56.5 19.40 9.770 295.1 0.312 1.422  105 0.0195 14,000 56.5 14.17 9.764 295.1 0.228 1.422  105 0.0195 16,000 56.5 10.53 9.758 295.1 0.166 1.422  105 0.0195 18,000 56.5 7.57 9.751 295.1 0.122 1.422  105 0.0195 Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45° latitude and varies with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z
0) are taken to be P
101.325 kPa, T
15°C, r
1.2250 kg/m3, g
9.80665 m2/s. Appendix 1 | 909 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 909 TABLE A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 0 0 0 0 600 17,563 12,574 212.066 220 6,391 4,562 182.639 610 17,864 12,792 212.564 230 6,683 4,770 183.938 620 18,166 13,011 213.055 240 6,975 4,979 185.180 630 18,468 13,230 213.541 250 7,266 5,188 186.370 640 18,772 13,450 214.018 260 7,558 5,396 187.514 650 19,075 13,671 214.489 270 7,849 5,604 188.614 660 19,380 13,892 214.954 280 8,141 5,813 189.673 670 19,685 14,114 215.413 290 8,432 6,021 190.695 680 19,991 14,337 215.866 298 8,669 6,190 191.502 690 20,297 14,560 216.314 300 8,723 6,229 191.682 700 20,604 14,784 216.756 310 9,014 6,437 192.638 710 20,912 15,008 217.192 320 9,306 6,645 193.562 720 21,220 15,234 217.624 330 9,597 6,853 194.459 730 21,529 15,460 218.059 340 9,888 7,061 195.328 740 21,839 15,686 218.472 350 10,180 7,270 196.173 750 22,149 15,913 218.889 360 10,471 7,478 196.995 760 22,460 16,141 219.301 370 10,763 7,687 197.794 770 22,772 16,370 219.709 380 11,055 7,895 198.572 780 23,085 16,599 220.113 390 11,347 8,104 199.331 790 23,398 16,830 220.512 400 11,640 8,314 200.071 800 23,714 17,061 220.907 410 11,932 8,523 200.794 810 24,027 17,292 221.298 420 12,225 8,733 201.499 820 24,342 17,524 221.684 430 12,518 8,943 202.189 830 24,658 17,757 222.067 440 12,811 9,153 202.863 840 24,974 17,990 222.447 450 13,105 9,363 203.523 850 25,292 18,224 222.822 460 13,399 9,574 204.170 860 25,610 18,459 223.194 470 13,693 9,786 204.803 870 25,928 18,695 223.562 480 13,988 9,997 205.424 880 26,248 18,931 223.927 490 14,285 10,210 206.033 890 26,568 19,168 224.288 500 14,581 10,423 206.630 900 26,890 19,407 224.647 510 14,876 10,635 207.216 910 27,210 19,644 225.002 520 15,172 10,848 207.792 920 27,532 19,883 225.353 530 15,469 11,062 208.358 930 27,854 20,122 225.701 540 15,766 11,277 208.914 940 28,178 20,362 226.047 550 16,064 11,492 209.461 950 28,501 20,603 226.389 560 16,363 11,707 209.999 960 28,826 20,844 226.728 570 16,662 11,923 210.528 970 29,151 21,086 227.064 580 16,962 12,139 211.049 980 29,476 21,328 227.398 590 17,262 12,356 211.562 990 29,803 21,571 227.728 912 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 912 TABLE A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 (Concluded) T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 1000 30,129 21,815 228.057 1760 56,227 41,594 247.396 1020 30,784 22,304 228.706 1780 56,938 42,139 247.798 1040 31,442 22,795 229.344 1800 57,651 42,685 248.195 1060 32,101 23,288 229.973 1820 58,363 43,231 248.589 1080 32,762 23,782 230.591 1840 59,075 43,777 248.979 1100 33,426 24,280 231.199 1860 59,790 44,324 249.365 1120 34,092 24,780 231.799 1880 60,504 44,873 249.748 1140 34,760 25,282 232.391 1900 61,220 45,423 250.128 1160 35,430 25,786 232.973 1920 61,936 45,973 250.502 1180 36,104 26,291 233.549 1940 62,654 46,524 250.874 1200 36,777 26,799 234.115 1960 63,381 47,075 251.242 1220 37,452 27,308 234.673 1980 64,090 47,627 251.607 1240 38,129 27,819 235.223 2000 64,810 48,181 251.969 1260 38,807 28,331 235.766 2050 66,612 49,567 252.858 1280 39,488 28,845 236.302 2100 68,417 50,957 253.726 1300 40,170 29,361 236.831 2150 70,226 52,351 254.578 1320 40,853 29,378 237.353 2200 72,040 53,749 255.412 1340 41,539 30,398 237.867 2250 73,856 55,149 256.227 1360 42,227 30,919 238.376 2300 75,676 56,553 257.027 1380 42,915 31,441 238.878 2350 77,496 57,958 257.810 1400 43,605 31,964 239.375 2400 79,320 59,366 258.580 1420 44,295 32,489 239.865 2450 81,149 60,779 259.332 1440 44,988 33,014 240.350 2500 82,981 62,195 260.073 1460 45,682 33,543 240.827 2550 84,814 63,613 260.799 1480 46,377 34,071 241.301 2600 86,650 65,033 261.512 1500 47,073 34,601 241.768 2650 88,488 66,455 262.213 1520 47,771 35,133 242.228 2700 90,328 67,880 262.902 1540 48,470 35,665 242.685 2750 92,171 69,306 263.577 1560 49,168 36,197 243.137 2800 94,014 70,734 264.241 1580 49,869 36,732 243.585 2850 95,859 72,163 264.895 1600 50,571 37,268 244.028 2900 97,705 73,593 265.538 1620 51,275 37,806 244.464 2950 99,556 75,028 266.170 1640 51,980 38,344 244.896 3000 101,407 76,464 266.793 1660 52,686 38,884 245.324 3050 103,260 77,902 267.404 1680 53,393 39,424 245.747 3100 105,115 79,341 268.007 1700 54,099 39,965 246.166 3150 106,972 80,782 268.601 1720 54,807 40,507 246.580 3200 108,830 82,224 269.186 1740 55,516 41,049 246.990 3250 110,690 83,668 269.763 Source: Tables A–18 through A–25 are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 787–98. Originally published in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971. Appendix 1 | 913 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 913 TABLE A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 0 0 0 0 600 17,929 12,940 226.346 220 6,404 4,575 196.171 610 18,250 13,178 226.877 230 6,694 4,782 197.461 620 18,572 13,417 227.400 240 6,984 4,989 198.696 630 18,895 13,657 227.918 250 7,275 5,197 199.885 640 19,219 13,898 228.429 260 7,566 5,405 201.027 650 19,544 14,140 228.932 270 7,858 5,613 202.128 660 19,870 14,383 229.430 280 8,150 5,822 203.191 670 20,197 14,626 229.920 290 8,443 6,032 204.218 680 20,524 14,871 230.405 298 8,682 6,203 205.033 690 20,854 15,116 230.885 300 8,736 6,242 205.213 700 21,184 15,364 231.358 310 9,030 6,453 206.177 710 21,514 15,611 231.827 320 9,325 6,664 207.112 720 21,845 15,859 232.291 330 9,620 6,877 208.020 730 22,177 16,107 232.748 340 9,916 7,090 208.904 740 22,510 16,357 233.201 350 10,213 7,303 209.765 750 22,844 16,607 233.649 360 10,511 7,518 210.604 760 23,178 16,859 234.091 370 10,809 7,733 211.423 770 23,513 17,111 234.528 380 11,109 7,949 212.222 780 23,850 17,364 234.960 390 11,409 8,166 213.002 790 24,186 17,618 235.387 400 11,711 8,384 213.765 800 24,523 17,872 235.810 410 12,012 8,603 214.510 810 24,861 18,126 236.230 420 12,314 8,822 215.241 820 25,199 18,382 236.644 430 12,618 9,043 215.955 830 25,537 18,637 237.055 440 12,923 9,264 216.656 840 25,877 18,893 237.462 450 13,228 9,487 217.342 850 26,218 19,150 237.864 460 13,525 9,710 218.016 860 26,559 19,408 238.264 470 13,842 9,935 218.676 870 26,899 19,666 238.660 480 14,151 10,160 219.326 880 27,242 19,925 239.051 490 14,460 10,386 219.963 890 27,584 20,185 239.439 500 14,770 10,614 220.589 900 27,928 20,445 239.823 510 15,082 10,842 221.206 910 28,272 20,706 240.203 520 15,395 11,071 221.812 920 28,616 20,967 240.580 530 15,708 11,301 222.409 930 28,960 21,228 240.953 540 16,022 11,533 222.997 940 29,306 21,491 241.323 550 16,338 11,765 223.576 950 29,652 21,754 241.689 560 16,654 11,998 224.146 960 29,999 22,017 242.052 570 16,971 12,232 224.708 970 30,345 22,280 242.411 580 17,290 12,467 225.262 980 30,692 22,544 242.768 590 17,609 12,703 225.808 990 31,041 22,809 242.120 914 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 914 TABLE A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 (Concluded) T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 1000 42,769 34,455 269.215 1760 86,420 71,787 301.543 1020 43,859 35,378 270.293 1780 87,612 72,812 302.217 1040 44,953 36,306 271.354 1800 88,806 73,840 302.884 1060 46,051 37,238 272.400 1820 90,000 74,868 303.544 1080 47,153 38,174 273.430 1840 91,196 75,897 304.198 1100 48,258 39,112 274.445 1860 92,394 76,929 304.845 1120 49,369 40,057 275.444 1880 93,593 77,962 305.487 1140 50,484 41,006 276.430 1900 94,793 78,996 306.122 1160 51,602 41,957 277.403 1920 95,995 80,031 306.751 1180 52,724 42,913 278.361 1940 97,197 81,067 307.374 1200 53,848 43,871 297.307 1960 98,401 82,105 307.992 1220 54,977 44,834 280.238 1980 99,606 83,144 308.604 1240 56,108 45,799 281.158 2000 100,804 84,185 309.210 1260 57,244 46,768 282.066 2050 103,835 86,791 310.701 1280 58,381 47,739 282.962 2100 106,864 89,404 312.160 1300 59,522 48,713 283.847 2150 109,898 92,023 313.589 1320 60,666 49,691 284.722 2200 112,939 94,648 314.988 1340 61,813 50,672 285.586 2250 115,984 97,277 316.356 1360 62,963 51,656 286.439 2300 119,035 99,912 317.695 1380 64,116 52,643 287.283 2350 122,091 102,552 319.011 1400 65,271 53,631 288.106 2400 125,152 105,197 320.302 1420 66,427 54,621 288.934 2450 128,219 107,849 321.566 1440 67,586 55,614 289.743 2500 131,290 110,504 322.808 1460 68,748 56,609 290.542 2550 134,368 113,166 324.026 1480 66,911 57,606 291.333 2600 137,449 115,832 325.222 1500 71,078 58,606 292.114 2650 140,533 118,500 326.396 1520 72,246 59,609 292.888 2700 143,620 121,172 327.549 1540 73,417 60,613 292.654 2750 146,713 123,849 328.684 1560 74,590 61,620 294.411 2800 149,808 126,528 329.800 1580 76,767 62,630 295.161 2850 152,908 129,212 330.896 1600 76,944 63,741 295.901 2900 156,009 131,898 331.975 1620 78,123 64,653 296.632 2950 159,117 134,589 333.037 1640 79,303 65,668 297.356 3000 162,226 137,283 334.084 1660 80,486 66,592 298.072 3050 165,341 139,982 335.114 1680 81,670 67,702 298.781 3100 168,456 142,681 336.126 1700 82,856 68,721 299.482 3150 171,576 145,385 337.124 1720 84,043 69,742 300.177 3200 174,695 148,089 338.109 1740 85,231 70,764 300.863 3250 177,822 150,801 339.069 Appendix 1 | 917 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 917 TABLE A – 21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 0 0 0 0 600 17,611 12,622 218.204 220 6,391 4,562 188.683 610 17,915 12,843 218.708 230 6,683 4,771 189.980 620 18,221 13,066 219.205 240 6,975 4,979 191.221 630 18,527 13,289 219.695 250 7,266 5,188 192.411 640 18,833 13,512 220.179 260 7,558 5,396 193.554 650 19,141 13,736 220.656 270 7,849 5,604 194.654 660 19,449 13,962 221.127 280 8,140 5,812 195.713 670 19,758 14,187 221.592 290 8,432 6,020 196.735 680 20,068 14,414 222.052 298 8,669 6,190 197.543 690 20,378 14,641 222.505 300 8,723 6,229 197.723 700 20,690 14,870 222.953 310 9,014 6,437 198.678 710 21,002 15,099 223.396 320 9,306 6,645 199.603 720 21,315 15,328 223.833 330 9,597 6,854 200.500 730 21,628 15,558 224.265 340 9,889 7,062 201.371 740 21,943 15,789 224.692 350 10,181 7,271 202.217 750 22,258 16,022 225.115 360 10,473 7,480 203.040 760 22,573 16,255 225.533 370 10,765 7,689 203.842 770 22,890 16,488 225.947 380 11,058 7,899 204.622 780 23,208 16,723 226.357 390 11,351 8,108 205.383 790 23,526 16,957 226.762 400 11,644 8,319 206.125 800 23,844 17,193 227.162 410 11,938 8,529 206.850 810 24,164 17,429 227.559 420 12,232 8,740 207.549 820 24,483 17,665 227.952 430 12,526 8,951 208.252 830 24,803 17,902 228.339 440 12,821 9,163 208.929 840 25,124 18,140 228.724 450 13,116 9,375 209.593 850 25,446 18,379 229.106 460 13,412 9,587 210.243 860 25,768 18,617 229.482 470 13,708 9,800 210.880 870 26,091 18,858 229.856 480 14,005 10,014 211.504 880 26,415 19,099 230.227 490 14,302 10,228 212.117 890 26,740 19,341 230.593 500 14,600 10,443 212.719 900 27,066 19,583 230.957 510 14,898 10,658 213.310 910 27,392 19,826 231.317 520 15,197 10,874 213.890 920 27,719 20,070 231.674 530 15,497 11,090 214.460 930 28,046 20,314 232.028 540 15,797 11,307 215.020 940 28,375 20,559 232.379 550 16,097 11,524 215.572 950 28,703 20,805 232.727 560 16,399 11,743 216.115 960 29,033 21,051 233.072 570 16,701 11,961 216.649 970 29,362 21,298 233.413 580 17,003 12,181 217.175 980 29,693 21,545 233.752 590 17,307 12,401 217.693 990 30,024 21,793 234.088 918 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 918 TABLE A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO (Concluded) T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 1000 30,355 22,041 234.421 1760 56,756 42,123 253.991 1020 31,020 22,540 235.079 1780 57,473 42,673 254.398 1040 31,688 23,041 235.728 1800 58,191 43,225 254.797 1060 32,357 23,544 236.364 1820 58,910 43,778 255.194 1080 33,029 24,049 236.992 1840 59,629 44,331 255.587 1100 33,702 24,557 237.609 1860 60,351 44,886 255.976 1120 34,377 25,065 238.217 1880 61,072 45,441 256.361 1140 35,054 25,575 238.817 1900 61,794 45,997 256.743 1160 35,733 26,088 239.407 1920 62,516 46,552 257.122 1180 36,406 26,602 239.989 1940 63,238 47,108 257.497 1200 37,095 27,118 240.663 1960 63,961 47,665 257.868 1220 37,780 27,637 241.128 1980 64,684 48,221 258.236 1240 38,466 28,426 241.686 2000 65,408 48,780 258.600 1260 39,154 28,678 242.236 2050 67,224 50,179 259.494 1280 39,844 29,201 242.780 2100 69,044 51,584 260.370 1300 40,534 29,725 243.316 2150 70,864 52,988 261.226 1320 41,226 30,251 243.844 2200 72,688 54,396 262.065 1340 41,919 30,778 244.366 2250 74,516 55,809 262.887 1360 42,613 31,306 244.880 2300 76,345 57,222 263.692 1380 43,309 31,836 245.388 2350 78,178 58,640 264.480 1400 44,007 32,367 245.889 2400 80,015 60,060 265.253 1420 44,707 32,900 246.385 2450 81,852 61,482 266.012 1440 45,408 33,434 246.876 2500 83,692 62,906 266.755 1460 46,110 33,971 247.360 2550 85,537 64,335 267.485 1480 46,813 34,508 247.839 2600 87,383 65,766 268.202 1500 47,517 35,046 248.312 2650 89,230 67,197 268.905 1520 48,222 35,584 248.778 2700 91,077 68,628 269.596 1540 48,928 36,124 249.240 2750 92,930 70,066 270.285 1560 49,635 36,665 249.695 2800 94,784 71,504 270.943 1580 50,344 37,207 250.147 2850 96,639 72,945 271.602 1600 51,053 37,750 250.592 2900 98,495 74,383 272.249 1620 51,763 38,293 251.033 2950 100,352 75,825 272.884 1640 52,472 38,837 251.470 3000 102,210 77,267 273.508 1660 53,184 39,382 251.901 3050 104,073 78,715 274.123 1680 53,895 39,927 252.329 3100 105,939 80,164 274.730 1700 54,609 40,474 252.751 3150 107,802 81,612 275.326 1720 55,323 41,023 253.169 3200 109,667 83,061 275.914 1740 56,039 41,572 253.582 3250 111,534 84,513 276.494 Appendix 1 | 919 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 919 TABLE A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O (Concluded ) T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 1000 35,882 27,568 232.597 1760 70,535 55,902 258.151 1020 36,709 28,228 233.415 1780 71,523 56,723 258.708 1040 37,542 28,895 234.223 1800 72,513 57,547 259.262 1060 38,380 29,567 235.020 1820 73,507 58,375 259.811 1080 39,223 30,243 235.806 1840 74,506 59,207 260.357 1100 40,071 30,925 236.584 1860 75,506 60,042 260.898 1120 40,923 31,611 237.352 1880 76,511 60,880 261.436 1140 41,780 32,301 238.110 1900 77,517 61,720 261.969 1160 42,642 32,997 238.859 1920 78,527 62,564 262.497 1180 43,509 33,698 239.600 1940 79,540 63,411 263.022 1200 44,380 34,403 240.333 1960 80,555 64,259 263.542 1220 45,256 35,112 241.057 1980 81,573 65,111 264.059 1240 46,137 35,827 241.773 2000 82,593 65,965 264.571 1260 47,022 36,546 242.482 2050 85,156 68,111 265.838 1280 47,912 37,270 243.183 2100 87,735 70,275 267.081 1300 48,807 38,000 243.877 2150 90,330 72,454 268.301 1320 49,707 38,732 244.564 2200 92,940 74,649 269.500 1340 50,612 39,470 245.243 2250 95,562 76,855 270.679 1360 51,521 40,213 245.915 2300 98,199 79,076 271.839 1380 52,434 40,960 246.582 2350 100,846 81,308 272.978 1400 53,351 41,711 247.241 2400 103,508 83,553 274.098 1420 54,273 42,466 247.895 2450 106,183 85,811 275.201 1440 55,198 43,226 248.543 2500 108,868 88,082 276.286 1460 56,128 43,989 249.185 2550 111,565 90,364 277.354 1480 57,062 44,756 249.820 2600 114,273 92,656 278.407 1500 57,999 45,528 250.450 2650 116,991 94,958 279.441 1520 58,942 46,304 251.074 2700 119,717 97,269 280.462 1540 59,888 47,084 251.693 2750 122,453 99,588 281.464 1560 60,838 47,868 252.305 2800 125,198 101,917 282.453 1580 61,792 48,655 252.912 2850 127,952 104,256 283.429 1600 62,748 49,445 253.513 2900 130,717 106,605 284.390 1620 63,709 50,240 254.111 2950 133,486 108,959 285.338 1640 64,675 51,039 254.703 3000 136,264 111,321 286.273 1660 65,643 51,841 255.290 3050 139,051 113,692 287.194 1680 66,614 52,646 255.873 3100 141,846 116,072 288.102 1700 67,589 53,455 256.450 3150 144,648 118,458 288.999 1720 68,567 54,267 257.022 3200 147,457 120,851 289.884 1740 69,550 55,083 257.589 3250 150,272 123,250 290.756 922 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 922 TABLE A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 0 0 0 0 2400 50,894 30,940 204.932 298 6,852 4,373 160.944 2450 51,936 31,566 205.362 300 6,892 4,398 161.079 2500 52,979 32,193 205.783 500 11,197 7,040 172.088 2550 54,021 32,820 206.196 1000 21,713 13,398 186.678 2600 55,064 33,447 206.601 1500 32,150 19,679 195.143 2650 56,108 34,075 206.999 1600 34,234 20,931 196.488 2700 57,152 34,703 207.389 1700 36,317 22,183 197.751 2750 58,196 35,332 207.772 1800 38,400 23,434 198.941 2800 59,241 35,961 208.148 1900 40,482 24,685 200.067 2850 60,286 36,590 208.518 2000 42,564 25,935 201.135 2900 61,332 37,220 208.882 2050 43,605 26,560 201.649 2950 62,378 37,851 209.240 2100 44,646 27,186 202.151 3000 63,425 38,482 209.592 2150 45,687 27,811 202.641 3100 65,520 39,746 210.279 2200 46,728 28,436 203.119 3200 67,619 41,013 210.945 2250 47,769 29,062 203.588 3300 69,720 42,283 211.592 2300 48,811 29,688 204.045 3400 71,824 43,556 212.220 2350 49,852 30,314 204.493 3500 73,932 44,832 212.831 TABLE A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH T _ h _ u _ s ° T _ h _ u _ s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol ·K 0 0 0 0 2400 77,015 57,061 248.628 298 9,188 6,709 183.594 2450 78,801 58,431 249.364 300 9,244 6,749 183.779 2500 80,592 59,806 250.088 500 15,181 11,024 198.955 2550 82,388 61,186 250.799 1000 30,123 21,809 219.624 2600 84,189 62,572 251.499 1500 46,046 33,575 232.506 2650 85,995 63,962 252.187 1600 49,358 36,055 234.642 2700 87,806 65,358 252.864 1700 52,706 38,571 236.672 2750 89,622 66,757 253.530 1800 56,089 41,123 238.606 2800 91,442 68,162 254.186 1900 59,505 43,708 240.453 2850 93,266 69,570 254.832 2000 62,952 46,323 242.221 2900 95,095 70,983 255.468 2050 64,687 47,642 243.077 2950 96,927 72,400 256.094 2100 66,428 48,968 243.917 3000 98,763 73,820 256.712 2150 68,177 50,301 244.740 3100 102,447 76,673 257.919 2200 69,932 51,641 245.547 3200 106,145 79,539 259.093 2250 71,694 52,987 246.338 3300 109,855 82,418 260.235 2300 73,462 54,339 247.116 3400 113,578 85,309 261.347 2350 75,236 55,697 247.879 3500 117,312 88,212 262.429 Appendix 1 | 923 cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 923 TABLE A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm _ hf° _ gf° _ s ° Substance Formula kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K Carbon C(s) 0 0 5.74 Hydrogen H2(g) 0 0 130.68 Nitrogen N2(g) 0 0 191.61 Oxygen O2(g) 0 0 205.04 Carbon monoxide CO(g) 110,530 137,150 197.65 Carbon dioxide CO2(g) 393,520 394,360 213.80 Water vapor H2O(g) 241,820 228,590 188.83 Water H2O(
) 285,830 237,180 69.92 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2(g) 136,310 105,600 232.63 Ammonia NH3(g) 46,190 16,590 192.33 Methane CH4(g) 74,850 50,790 186.16 Acetylene C2H2(g) +226,730 +209,170 200.85 Ethylene C2H4(g) +52,280 +68,120 219.83 Ethane C2H6(g) 84,680 32,890 229.49 Propylene C3H6(g) +20,410 +62,720 266.94 Propane C3H8(g) 103,850 23,490 269.91 n-Butane C4H10(g) 126,150 15,710 310.12 n-Octane C8H18(g) 208,450 +16,530 466.73 n-Octane C8H18(
) 249,950 +6,610 360.79 n-Dodecane C12H26(g) 291,010 +50,150 622.83 Benzene C6H6(g) +82,930 +129,660 269.20 Methyl alcohol CH3OH(g) 200,670 162,000 239.70 Methyl alcohol CH3OH(
) 238,660 166,360 126.80 Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH(g) 235,310 168,570 282.59 Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH(
) 277,690 174,890 160.70 Oxygen O(g) +249,190 +231,770 161.06 Hydrogen H(g) +218,000 +203,290 114.72 Nitrogen N(g) +472,650 +455,510 153.30 Hydroxyl OH(g) +39,460 +34,280 183.70 Source: From JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971); Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953). 924 | Thermodynamics cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 924 Appendix 1 | 927 FIGURE A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart. Source: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 558, fig. C.2, and p. 561, fig. C.5. T R = 0.90 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.05.0 10 20 30 h id ea l – h — — — — – R uT cr E nt ha lp y de pa rt ur e Z h = = h id ea l – h — — — — – R T cr –– –– h id ea l – h — — — — – R uT cr E nt ha lp y de pa rt ur e Z h = = h id ea l – h — — — — – R T cr –– –– Reduced pressure, P R 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.920.94 0.960.98 1.00 1.0 0 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1. 10 1.15 1.25 1.20 1. 20 1.40 1.60 1.801.70 1.50 1.50 1.30 1.3 0 2.80 2.602.40 2.20 2.00 2.00 1.90 3.00 4.00 0.90 0.95 T R Saturated vapor Saturated liquid P R 0.8 0 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.40 1.60 2.00 Satu ra ted va po ur T R = 0.90 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 Satu ra ted va po r cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/28/05 3:22 PM Page 927 928 | Thermodynamics 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.40.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.05.0 10 20 30 s id ea l – s — — — — – R u E nt ro py d ep ar tu re Z s = = s id ea l – s — — — — – R E nt ro py d ep ar tu re s id ea l – s — — — — – R u = s id ea l – s — — — — – R Reduced pressure, P R 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.75 0.800.80 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.0 0 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.061.08 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.50 3.00 0. 95 0.90 Saturated gas Tr Saturated liquid R P R 0.8 0 T R = 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.40 1.60 2.00 Satu rat ed vap our 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 Satu rat ed vap or Saturated vapor Z s = FIGURE A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart. Source: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 559, fig. C.3, and p. 561, fig. C.5. cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 2:59 PM Page 928 Appendix 1 | 929 Pr ep ar ed b y C en te r fo r A pp lie d T he rm od yn am ic S tu di es , U ni ve rs ity o f Id ah o. 1. 0 0. 95 0. 90 0. 85 0. 80 0. 75 0. 70 0. 65 0. 60 0. 55 0. 50 0. 45 0. 40 0. 36 E nt ha lp y — — — — — — H um id ity r at io ∆h — — ∆ = Sensible heat —————– Total heat ∆HS —— ∆HT = 60 50 40 30 20 D ry b ul b te m pe ra tu re °C 10 0 70809010 0 11 0 12 0 Se ns ib le h ea t — — — — — – To ta l h ea t ∆H S — — ∆H T = 1. 0 – • – 5. 0 – 2. 0 0. 0 1. 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4. 0 5. 0 10 .0• 0.1 0.2 0.3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 8 0. 7 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 4. 0 –4 .0 –2 .0 –1 .0 –0.5 –0.2 • 0 Enth alp y ( h) ki loj ou les pe r k ilo gr am dr y a ir 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 Satu rat ion te mpe rat ur e ° C 5 10 15 20 25 30 30 0.94 30 20 15 10 5 0 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 28 90% 80% 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 10 % r el at iv e hu m id ity 25 w et b ul b te m pe ra tu re °C 0.92 volume cubic meter per kilogram dry air Humidity ratio () grams moisture per kilogram dry air 6 4 2 A SH R A E P sy ch ro m et ri c C ha rt N o. 1 N or m al T em pe ra tu re B ar om et ri c Pr es su re : 1 01 .3 25 k Pa © 19 92 A m er ic an S oc ie ty o f H ea tin g, R ef ri ge ra tin g an d A ir -C on di tio ni ng E ng in ee rs , I nc . Se a L ev el FI GU RE A –3 1 Ps yc hr om et ri c ch ar t a t 1 a tm to ta l p re ss ur e. R ep ri nt ed b y pe rm is si on o f t he A m er ic an S oc ie ty o f H ea ti ng ,R ef ri ge ra ti ng a nd A ir -C on di ti on in g E ng in ee rs ,I nc ., A tl an ta ,G A ; us ed w it h pe rm is si on . cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 3:00 PM Page 929