Evolution of English Language: From Old English to Present, Guías, Proyectos, Investigaciones de Historia antigua

¡Descarga Evolution of English Language: From Old English to Present y más Guías, Proyectos, Investigaciones en PDF de Historia antigua solo en Docsity! HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TASK 1 Corresponding to Topic 1: Introduction/Before Old English 1. Give eight examples affected by Grimm's Law apart from those given in the course materials (adapted from Fuster-Marquez and Calvo García de Leonardo, p. 28) (maximum: 500 words; 3 points) Jacob Grimm was a German philologist that in 1822, following the suggestion of Rasmus Rask, formulated a law that explains a systematic sound change between some consonants in the Germanic languages and those in Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Those consonant changes were: - — TE voiceless stops /p, t, k/ change into voiceless fricatives /f, 9, h/ in Germanic. - TE voiced stops /b, d, g/ become voiceless stops /p, t, k/. - — TE voiced aspirated stops /bh, dh, gh/ lost aspirations /b, d, g/. Latin: piscis, tonare, cornu, decem, genu, hostis (PIE ghostis), filia (PIE dhugheter), (PIE beu-). Gmc: fiska-, thunraz, hoorn, tehun, knewa-, gastiz, dhuter, puk-. OE: fisc, punor, horn, ten/tien, cneo, geest/gist, dohtor, pyffan. PDE: fish, thunder, horn, ten, knee, guest, daughter, puff. 2. Re-examine the literary samples we examined in the forums (Beowulf, Battle of Maldon, etc...). Write a short summary of the main changes which have taken place in the English language across the centuries. Explicitly use the evidence from the texts. (maximum: 500 words; 3 points) Regarding the texts examined in the forums, itis possible to appreciate the evolution of the language, from the Old English to the Present Day English. Some differences between the OE and the ModE are found, overall, in the syntax, morphology and phonology. The texts belonging to the OE are: Beowulf and The Battle of Maldon. Both of them show words that are not used anymore, overall those that appear in the first text such as Syódan, weorómyndum, bah or «ghwylc. There are also some symbols and letters that have disappeared and other words that, in fact, are understandable (and, him, man or mid). Something characteristic of these texts is the use of diacritical marks (horizontal accents) to accentuate vowels, as well as strange combinations and specific pronunciations as in the case of y, which was pronounced as 1. Furthermore, it is seen that people used hú (how”) as a conjunction and also prepositions, which means that there already were some changes in the language. In The Battle of Maldon there are long sentences and words that have evolved in the present day and are similar to their origins: swurd (sword), haedfe (hold/have) or handum (hands). In the last word it is perceptible that the author used terminations such as —um to decline words, which have now disappeared in order to form the plural with —s. Continuing with, the texts belonging to the Middle English are The Owl and the Nightingale and The Canterbury Tales, being from the eME and the 1ME, respectively. Contrary to the works previously analysed, these have an evolved language, as it is easier to understand them nowadays. In the first one is noticeable the similarities from words of that age to PDE words: sumere (“summer”), wile (“while”) or grete (“great”). Furthermore, it also shows the influence of the Germanics with German words such as ICH (1). On the other hand, it still uses some symbols similar to those from the OE: band 3. In The Canterbury Tales, like in the previous work, there are words similar to the PDE: whan (“when”), roote (“root”), yonge (“young”) or flour (“flower”). In some of these words (roote, yonge) we notice a phonetic difference from the ModE, as the author pronounced the —e at the end of some words. At the same time, there are also terms that are the same as in ModE: every, March or inspired. Lastly, The Defence of Poesy, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and A Clockwork Orange are the works finally written in Modern English, what makes them totally understandable nowadays. Notwithstanding this comprehension, in The Defence of Poetry, which belongs to the eModE, is still possible to appreciate that it continues having some differences from the PDE: togither instead of “together”, learne instead of learn” or onely instead of “only”. In the case of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, this one belongs to the IModE having different dialects borrowed from South Africa, providing an informal and colloquial language including grammatical mistakes: sivilize, ain't, there was things and the use of the double negative that is not much used anymore. To finish with, A Clockwork Orange is the clear example of the PDE and the unique thing that makes it difficult to understand it is the fact that some words belong to a language called Nadsat, and others are invented by the author: droogs, rassoodocks, moloko or veshches. 3. Look into this map and examine the legend above. Write a paragraph explaining the development of ONE of the Indo-European groups studied in class (or in the course materials). Explain the development of this Indo-European language and provide your own examples. Whenever possible, interconnect this linguistic group with the groups which made contact with it. (maximum: 500 words; 4 points) The Italic languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages spoke in the Italian Peninsula, being Latin the most important one and the mother language for the Romance languages. Latin was the official language of the Roman Empire but it coexisted with other languages that were not from the Indo-European family, as in the case of the Etruscan language and also with others that were, in fact, from the Indo-European family, for example Greek in southern Italy and Sicily, where there were Greek colonies. The Roman Empire conquests brought with it the imposition of the language to those who already spoke other languages, which means that new dialects of Latin developed in regions as Spain, Gaul and the district west of the Black Sea. Those varieties called Romance languages evolved differently from each other so they became new languages derived from Vulgar Latin. The most important languages evolved from it are Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian. In the map provided it is possible to appreciate the expansion of these modern languages and where is each of them spoken nowadays.