Restoration of Ancien Régime & Emergence of Liberalism, Nationalism, & Democracy in Europe, Apuntes de Historia

¡Descarga Restoration of Ancien Régime & Emergence of Liberalism, Nationalism, & Democracy in Europe y más Apuntes en PDF de Historia solo en Docsity! .UNIT 3: THE RESTORATION, LIBERALISM & NATIONALISM. 1. THE RESTORATION OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME………………………………………………………. The restoration was a return to the political system of the Ancien Régime that was imposed by the victorious European powers (Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great Britain) after Napoleón’s defeat in 1815 The monarch was the only person capable of leading a country. Therefore, popular sovereignty and constitutions could no longer exist because they limited the power of the monarchy. The European powers met at the 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna: - Absolute monarchies were reinstated. - Europe's borders were changed. - The European powers agreed to support any monarch who was threatened by revolution or any attempt to limit his or her power. During the Restoration, two European alliances were formed: - The Holy Alliance included Russia, Austria and Prussia. The monarchs of these three countries promised to support each other. - The Quadruple Alliance included Russia, Austria, Prussia and Great Britain. Their main objective was to hold regular meetings in order to resolve Europe's problems. New map of Europe: - Russia was given Finland, Bessarabia and part of Poland. - Austria was given Lombardy-Venetia, part of Poland, Dalmatia and the Tyrol. - Prussia was given the Rhineland, part of Poland and part of Saxony - The United Kingdom was given control of the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea Other important changes: - Belgium and the United Provinces were united - The German Confederation was formed - Italy remained divided - Sweden was given Norway - France was reduced in size to its 1791 borders. 2. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY....………………………………………………… LIBERALISM Liberalism is an ideology that advocates individual liberties, such as the right to life, freedom of expression and association, the right to choose political representatives and the right to own private property. This ideology has its origins in British liberalism and in Enlightenment ideas From a social point of view, liberalism represented the wealthy bourgeoisie The key principles liberals supported were: - Constitutions - Constitutional monarchy - The separation of powers, (executive → monarch, government, legislative → cortes or parliament and judicial → courts - Popular sovereignty through limited male suffrage - Individual liberties, such as freedom of association and expression, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion NATIONALISM Nationalism is an ideology that advocates the right of people who define themselves as a nation to form independent states, originated in the struggle of many European countries against the Napoleonic Empire The key principles nationalists supported were: - the nation-state based on common links, such as culture, history and language. - popular sovereignty - each nation should choose its own form of government. Two types of nationalism in 19th-century Europe: - Unification nationalism advocated the unification of independent states such as the various states on the Italian Peninsula. - Separatist nationalism advocated independence for regions that formed part of multinational states, such as the Greeks, in the Ottoman Empire DEMOCRACY In the 19th century, democratic movements advocated ordinary people's right to participate in politics. Their supporters wanted to end the social and economic inequalities produced by bourgeois liberalism. reality”)—politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics. Bismarck ruled without the parliament and enlarging the army. - Seven Weeks’ war: between Austria and Prussi in 1866. The Prussians humiliated Austria. The Austrians lost the region of Venetia, which was given to Italy. They had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory. In 1867, the remaining states of the north joined the North German Confederation, which Prussia dominated completely. Prussia now organized the German states as a North German Confederation. - Franco–Prussian war. The southern German states joined the war effort against the French. In 1871, France gave up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state. - 1871: William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser (emperor) of the Second German Empire (the first was the medieval Holy Roman Empire). German unity had been achieved. 5.FERNANDO VII (1814-33).............................---------------………………………………………………… 1. 1814-20 Sexenio Absolutista · Fernando VII “el deseado” · “Persian Manifiesto” the absolutists wanted the return of the Ancien Régime · The king dismissed the Cortes, abolished the Constitution, reestablished the Absolutism and persecuted the Liberals 2. 1820-23 Trienio Liberal · Some liberals from the army made “pronunciamientos” · The one led by Rafael Riego succeeded and forced the king to reinstate the Liberalism and the Constitution of 1812 * military coup (p.72) 3. 1823 - 33 Década Ominosa Fernando VII was helped by the Holy Alliance, which sent the “100,000 sons of St. Louis”. They defeated the Liberals and the Absolutism was back in Spain. · Liberals were persecuted again · Dynastic matter: Fernando VII replaced the Salic Law from Philip V’s reign by the “Pragmática Sanción”: · With this new law the princess Isabel would inherit the throne · Carlos María Isidro, brother of the King was angry with this decision and he reclaimed the power. This is the beginning of the “Guerras-carlistas” 6.ISABEL II AND THE LIBERAL STATE (1814-33).............................---------------………………… With her reign, the Absolut period finished in Spain and started a liberal and constitutional monarchy with the following features: - The Crown shared the power with the Cortes (shared sovereignty). She could call and dissolve them. - The Queen received the support of the liberal political parties: both the moderates and the progressives; although Isabel II always preferred the moderates. - Two constitutions were created: 1837 progressive, 1845 moderate, depending on the party which was governing at that time. There will be a turn of parties in the govern. - Heads of the army took part actively in politics: some of them were presidents or ministers and led pronunciamientos. - The change of Law according to the Governing Party became unfortunately usual in the political life of the 19th century in Spain. Some other problems soon became also chronic: social unrest, sexual scandals in the court, which involved the Queen herself, and political instability. REGENCY PERIOD (1833-43) REGENCY OF MARIA CRISTINA (1833- 1840) - The first Carlist War (1833-1840) At the beginning, the first problem she had to solve was the First Carlist War because as the brother of Fernando VII did not accept a woman as a Queen in Spain. Traditionally, women couldn`t be in the throne and Carlos María Isidro, considered himself the legitimate king. The war ended with the “Abrazo de Vergara”. María Cristina was supported by moderates, however there were some protests such as the Mutiny of La Granja which wanted more liberties. She had to give the government to the progressives who took some measures like Desamortización de Mendizábal. - Desamortización de Mendizábal Desamortización as a first step to get the Land Reform. Traditionally, most of the land was owned by the Church and could not be sold or divided. Now, the state realized if these lands were sold, the economy could break the stagnation and they would have more money. The problem was that the land changed the owners in favor of bourgeoisie who were the only who could win the public auctions. - Constitution of 1837 The progressives drafted and approved the Constitution of 1837 however it was less liberal than the Constitution of 1812. REGENCY OF ESPARTERO (1840-1843) The persistence of the uprisings forced Maria Cristina to resign the Regency in 1840. She was succeeded by the progressive General Espartero as Regent until 1843, however he was an authoritarian ruler, and soon both the moderates and the progressives opposed him. In 1843, a pronunciamiento led by the moderate general Ramón Narváez ended Espartero`s regency and Isabel II was proclaimed queen in 1843 at only thirteen years of age. THE MODERATE DECADE (1844-54) After the coming of age of Isabel II in 1843, the moderates would rule for nearly 25 years and they gave shape to the Liberal State. The first stage of their rule is known as the Moderate Decade (1844-1854). - The Second Carlist War (1846-1849) Known as “Guerra dels Matiners”, took place mainly in Catalonia. The war was caused by Isabel II’s refusal to marry Carlos Luis Bourbon, the Carlist claimant. If they had married, the succession dispute would have ended. The war ended with the defeat of the Carlists. - Constitution of 1845 It is more moderate. It enclosed the guidelines of Moderate Liberalism: - A shared sovereignty between the Cortes and the Queen. - A censitary suffrage determined by the incomes (wealthy citizens could vote) - Limited liberties such as the freedom of the press. - Administrative reorganization of the State: - Division of the territory into 49 provinces by Javier de Burgos. - A new System of Education. The Moyano Law of 1857 Named after the minister Claudio Moyano, tried to improve the national instruction and eradicate illiteracy. Most long-lasting educational law, since it was in force until 1970. - The foundation of the “Guardia Civil”. - The tax reform.