Global Trends and Challenges: Hunger, Education, WASH, and Sustainable Development, Apuntes de Estructuras y Materiales

¡Descarga Global Trends and Challenges: Hunger, Education, WASH, and Sustainable Development y más Apuntes en PDF de Estructuras y Materiales solo en Docsity! Reading assingments 1104 Check the number of the assigned reading and develop points 1 to 4 of the Moment 1 with this specific reading. STUDENT READING + STUDENT READING + ACEVEDO KAREN 1 GARCIA MARIA 4 ARIAS MIGUEL 2 GUERRERO CRISTIAN 5 ARIAS BRAYAN 3 GUTIERREZ NICOLAS 6 BALLESTEROS SOFIA 4 GUTIERREZ DAVID 7 BARRIGA JOSE 5 GUZMAN NASLY 8 BLANDON SEBASTIAN 6 OLAYA LEIDY DAYAN 9 BOGOTA LAURA 7 POSADA VALERIA 10 CAINA CAMILA 8 RIVERA ANGIE 11 CAMPO MARIA 9 ROJAS YERIS 12 CARDENAS LORENA 10 PULIDO VALENTINA 13 CHAMBO JUAN 11 RODRIGUEZ DUBAN 14 CHAMBO MARIA 12 SALAMANCA PAULA 15 DIAZ ESTEBAN 13 SALINAS KAROL GINETH 16 DUARTE BREYDI 14 SILVA LAUDY 1 ESTUPIÑAN INGRID 15 SUAREZ GIRETH 2 FORERO NICOLE 16 VALDES CRISTIAN 3 FRANCO DAVID 1 VEGA EDUAR 4 GAMA IVONNE 2 VEGA STEVEN 5 GARCIA SANTIAGO 3 1 NO HUNGER After decades of steady decline, the number of people who suffer from hunger — as measured by the prevalence of undernourishment — began to slowly increase again in 2015. Current estimates show that nearly 690 million people are hungry, or 8.9 percent of the world population — up by 10 million people in one year and by nearly 60 million in five years. The world is not on track to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030. If recent trends continue, the number of people affected by hunger would surpass 840 million by 2030.According to the World Food Programme, 135 million sufter from acute hunger largely due to man-made conflicts, climate change and economic downturns. The COVID-19 pandemic could now double that number, putting an additional 130 million people at risk of suffering acute hunger by the end of 2020. With more than a quarter of a billion people potentially at the brink of starvation, swift action needs to be taken to provide food and humanitarian relief to the most at-risk regions. At the same time, a profound change of the global food and agriculture system is needed if we are to nourish the more than 690 million people who are hungry today — and the additional 2 billion people the world will have by 2050. Increasing agricultural productivity and sustainable food production are crucial to help alleviate the perils of hunger. 2 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING Since the creation of the Millennium Development Goals there have been historic achievements in reducing child mortality, improving maternal health and tackling HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other diseases. In 15 years, the number of people newly infected by HIV each year has dropped from 3.1 million to 2 million and over 6.2 million lives were saved from malaria. Since 1990, maternal mortality fell by 45 percent, and worldwide there has been an over 50 percent decline in preventable child deaths globally. Despite this incredible progress, AIDS is the leading cause of death among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, and 22 million people living with HIV are not accessing life-saving antiretroviral therapy. New HIV infections continue to rise in some locations and in populations that are typically excluded or marginalised. Chronic and catastrophic disease remains one of the main factors that push households from poverty into deprivation. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impose a large burden on human health worldwide. Currently, 63% of all deaths worldwide stem from NCDs — chiefly cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. The cumulative economic losses to low- and middle-income countries from the four diseases are estimated to surpass US$ 7 trillion by 2025. Additionally, there continues to be underinvestment in the social circumstances and environmental factors affecting health. The job on HIV and health is far from done. 7 DECENT WORK AND ECONMIC GROWTH As a result of the economic crisis created by the pandemic, almost 1.6 billion informal economy workers (representing the most vulnerable in the labour market), out of a worldwide total of two billion and a global workforce of 3.3 billion, have sutftered massive damage to their capacity to earn a living. This is due to lockdown measures and/or because they work in the hardest-hit sectors. The first month of the crisis is estimated to have resulted in a drop of 60 per cent in the income of informal workers globally. This translates into a drop of 81 per cent in Africa and the Americas, 21.6 per cent in Asia and the Pacific, and 70 per cent in Europe and Central Asia. Without alternative income sources, these workers and their families will have no means to survive. Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, one in five countries — home to billions of people living in poverty — were likely to see per capita incomes stagnate or decline in 2020. Now, the economic and financial shocks associated with COVID-19—such as disruptions to industrial production, falling commodity prices, financial market volatility, and rising insecurity—are derailing the already tepid economic growth and compounding heightened risks from other factors. 8 INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRACESTRUCTURES Inclusive and sustainable industrialization, together INDUSTRY, INNOVATION LE with innovation and infrastructure, can unleash Ap 2 13 dynamic and competitive economic forces that ¿| generate employment and income. They play a key role in introducing and promoting new technologies, facilitating international trade and enabling the | efficient use of resources. However, the world still has a long way to go to fully tap this potential. Least developed countries, in particular, need to accelerate the development of their manufacturing sector if they are to meet the 2030 target, and scale up investment in scientific research and innovation. Innovation and technological progress are key to finding lasting solutions to both economic and environmental challenges, such as increased resource and energy-efficiency. Globally, investment in research and development (R8.D) as a proportion of GDP increased from 1.5 per cent in 2000 to 1.7 per cent in 2015 and remained almost unchanged in 2017, but was only less than 1 per cent in developing regions. In terms of communications infrastructure, more than half of the world's population is now online and almost the entire world population lives in an area covered by a mobile network. It is estimated that in 2019, 96.5 per cent were covered by at least a 2G network. 9 REDUCED INEQUALITIES Inequality within and among countries is a persistent 11d cause for concern, despite progress in some areas. LS E) Income inequality continues to rise in many parts of the "94 world, even as the poorest 40 per cent of the population in most countries experience income growth. Greater focus is needed to reduce income and other inequalities, including those related to labour market access and trade. Specifically, additional efforts are needed to further increase zero-tariff access for exports from poorer countries, and to provide technical assistance to LDCs and small island developing States seeking to benefit from preferential trade status. The stability of a country's financial system ¡is key to efficiently allocating resources, managing risks, and ensuring that macroeconomic objectives that benefit all are met. One measure of financial stability is the share of non-performing loans in relation to total loans to depositors in a banking system. Inequalities are also deepening for vulnerable populations in countries with weaker health systems and those facing existing humanitarian crises. Refugees and migrants, as well as indigenous peoples, older persons, people with disabilities and children are particularly at risk of being left behind. And hate speech targeting vulnerable groups is rising. 1 0 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES - The world is becoming increasingly urbanized. TA Since 2007, more than half the world's population PA SS A has been living in cities, and that share is projected | to rise to 60 per cent by 2030. Cities and metropolitan areas are powerhouses of economic growth—contributing about 60 per cent of global GDP. However, they also account for about 70 per cent of global carbon emissions and over 60 per cent of resource use. Rapid urbanization ¡is resulting in a growing number of slum dwellers, inadequate and overburdened infrastructure and services (such as waste collection and water and sanitation systems, roads and transport), worsening air pollution and unplanned urban sprawl. To respond to those challenges, 150 countries have developed national urban plans, with almost half of them in the implementation phase. Ensuring that those plans are well executed will help cities grow in a more sustainable and inclusive manner. Public transport is an essential service for urban residents and a catalyst tor economic growth and social inclusion. Moreover, with ever-increasing numbers of people moving to urban areas, the use of public transport is helping to mitigate air pollution and climate change. According to 2018 data from 227 cities, in 78 countries, 53 per cent of urban residents had convenient access to public transport (defined as residing within 500 metres walking distance of a bus stop or a low-capacity transport system or within 1,000 metres of a railway and/ or ferry terminal) 1 1 RESPONSIBLE CONSUPTION AND PRODUCTION Economic and social progress over the last century has been accompanied by environmental degradation that is endangering the very systems on which our future development—indeed, our very survival —depends. Globally, we continue to use ever-increasing amounts of natural resources to support our economic activity. The efficiency with which such resources are used remains unchanged at the global level, thus we have not yet seen a decoupling of economic growth and natural resource use. Globally, the generation of waste is mounting. About one third of the food produced for human consumption each year is lost or wasted, most of itin developed countries. Urgent action is needed to ensure that current material needs do not lead to over-extraction of resources and further degradation of the environment. Policies must be embraced to improve resource efficiency, reduce waste and mainstream sustainability practices across all sectors of the economy. The rising share of Eastern and South-Eastern Asia and other emerging economies in global DMC is due to two dynamics. The first is the construction of new infrastructure in emerging and transitioning economies, a pattern that many developing countries are likely to follow in the future. The second is the outsourcing of the material- and energy-intensive stages of production from high-income nations to less resource-efficient countries. The shift in production from the former to the latter means that more natural resources are needed to produce the same output. 1 2 CLIMATE ACTION There is no country in the world that is not seeing first-hand the drastic effects of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and are now more than 50 percent higher than their 1990 level. Further, global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens irreversible consequences if we do not take action now. The annual average losses from just earthquakes, ELA Ad ai tsunamis, tropical cyclones and flooding count in the hundreds of billions of dollars, requiring an investment of US$ 6 billion annually in disaster risk management alone. The goal aims to mobilize $100 billion annually by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries and help mitigate climate-related disasters. Strengthening the resilience and adaptive capacity of more vulnerable regions, such as land locked countries and island states, must go hand in hand with efforts to raise awareness and integrate measures into national policies and strategies. It is still possible, with the political will and a wide array of technological measures, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This requires urgent collective action.