Psychological Types: An Analysis of Carl Jung's Eight Psychological Types, Resúmenes de Psicología

¡Descarga Psychological Types: An Analysis of Carl Jung's Eight Psychological Types y más Resúmenes en PDF de Psicología solo en Docsity! Psychological Types: Simplified Translation Editor’s Note: Bullet points were situated to convey the main tenets of Jung’s types, rather than the unessentials, and it also might make the descriptions altogether easier to read. This is accompanied by statements that were bolded, which point out the most salient points in each type. The very last pages consist of an even simpler translation of this translation, and insights from other Jungians who contributed and elucidated the loopholes of Jung’s typology. These insights can be used as short, Jungian definitions to rely on. Feel free to cite anything in this translation. Contents Psychological Types: Simplified Translation Editor s̓ Note: Contents Extraverted thinking (Te) Extraverted Feeling (Fe) Extraverted Sensation (Se) Extraverted Intuition (Ne) Introverted Thinking (Ti) Introverted Feeling (Fi) Introverted Sensation (Si) Introverted Intuition (Ni) The Auxiliary and Inferior Function A Summary of Jung s̓ Typology The Other Jungians The Types Summarized ● A feeling-judgment such as this is in no way a simulation or a lie — it is merely an act of accommodation. ● There is a benevolent intention in Fe to create a pleasant feeling-atmosphere, to which end, everything must be felt as agreeable. ● Such feelings are governed by the standard of the objective determinants. ● The values resulting from Fe either correspond directly with objective values or at least harmonize with certain traditional and generally known standards of value. ● Without this feeling, a beautiful and harmonious sociability would be unthinkable. ● It is of the highest importance for Fe to establish an intense feeling of rapport with the environment. ● But this beneficial effect is lost as soon as the object gains an exaggerated influence. ● When Fe draws itself too much to the object, its initial charm completely fades. ‐ Fe then becomes cold and untrustworthy. ‐ It no longer makes an agreeable impression which usually accompanies genuine feeling; instead, one suspects a facade, or that the person is acting. ● Every conclusion, however logical, that might lead to a disturbance of feeling is rejected from the start. ● Hysteria is the principal form of neurosis with this type. Extraverted Sensation (Se) ● Those objects which release the strongest sensation are decisive for the Se’s psychology. ‐ The result of this is a pronounced sensuous hold to the object. ● It is only concrete, sensuously perceived objects which excite sensations in the extraverted attitude. ‐ Exclusively those which everyone in all times and places would sense as concrete. ● The orientation of such an individual corresponds with purely concrete reality. ● Their life is an accumulation of actual experience with concrete objects. ● What they experience serves at most as a guide to fresh sensations; anything new that comes within their range of interest is acquired by way of sensation. ● Sensation for them is a concrete expression of life—it is simply real life lived to the fullest. ● Their entire aim is concrete enjoyment, and their morality is oriented accordingly. ● This doesn’t mean that they are just sensual or gross, for they may differentiate their sensation to the finest pitch of aesthetic purity. ● Se frequently has a charming and lively capacity for enjoyment; such types are at times jolly, and often a refined aesthete. ● Everything essential has been said and done by what it senses. ● Conjectures that transcend or go beyond the concrete are only permitted on condition that they enhance sensation. ● But the more Se predominates, the more unsatisfactory this type becomes. ● Either they develop into a crude pleasure-seeker or they become an unprincipled hedonist. ● Repressed Ni begins to assert itself in the form of projections upon the object, in which the strangest conjectures arise. ‐ Phobias and compulsions also emerge. Extraverted Intuition (Ne) ● The primary function of intuition by itself is simply to transmit images, or perceptions of connections between things, which could not be transmitted by the other functions, or only in a very roundabout way. ● Since Ne is directed predominantly to objects, it actually comes very close to sensation; indeed, the expectant attitude to external objects is just as likely to make use of sensation. ● But just as Se strives to reach the highest pitch of actuality, so Ne tries to apprehend the widest range of possibilities. ● It seeks to discover what possibilities the objective situation holds in store. ● Every ordinary situation in life seems like a locked room, which Ne must open. ● It is constantly seeking outlets and new possibilities in external life. ● In a very short time, every existing situation becomes a prison for Ne; a chain that has to be broken. ● For a time, objects seem to have an inflated value, if they should serve to bring about a solution, a deliverance, or lead to the discovery of a new possibility. ● Facts are acknowledged only if they open new possibilities. ● Ne is always present where external possibilities exist. ● It has a keen nose for anything new and filled with future promise. ● Because it is always seeking out new possibilities; stable conditions suffocate it. ● It seizes hold of new objects and new facets, sometimes with extraordinary enthusiasm, only to abandon them as soon as their potential is fully known and no further developments can be envisioned. ● When the intuitive dimension dominates, repressed Si breaks out in phobias and compulsions. ‐ They break out with bitter and personal retorts against every criticism, however just. Thus their isolation gradually increases. Introverted Feeling (Fi) ● Its aim is not to accommodate the objective fact, since its whole unconscious effort is to give reality to the underlying ideals. ● It is continually seeking an ideal which has no existence in reality. ● It strives after an inner intensity. ● This type is usually silent and difficult to access. ● With sensitivity, it shrinks from the brutality of the object, in order to expand into the depths of the subject. ● Everything [prominently] stated of Ti refers equally to Fi, except only here everything is concerned with values while there it was logic. ‐ [What is of paramount importance to Fi is the development and presentation of the inner intensity.] ● The fact that logic can generally be expressed more intelligibly than feeling, makes feeling demand a more artistic capacity, so that the real wealth of this feeling can be even approximately presented or communicated to the outer world. ● It inevitably creates the impression of sentimental self-love. ● The proverb ‘Still waters run deep’ is very true of such a type. ● They are mostly silent, inaccessible, and hard to understand, and their temperament is drawn toward melancholy. ● Their outward demeanour is harmonious and inconspicuous; Fi reveals a delightful repose, a sympathetic parallelism, which has no desire to affect others, either to impress, influence, or change them in any way. ● A superficial judgment might well be shown, by a rather cold and reserved demeanour, into denying all feeling to this type. ‐ Such a view, however, would be quite false; the truth is, their feelings are intensive rather than extensive. They develop into the depth. ● Whereas an extensive feeling of sympathy (Fe) can express itself in both word and deed at the right place, an intensive sympathy (Fi) gains a passionate depth that embraces the misery of a world. ● Fi may possibly express its aim in intimate poetic forms. ● Inferior Te displays a trace of domineerance; a tendency to overpower or coerce the object once openly and visibly with the thing secretly felt. ● Wherever unconscious Te is under the influence of the ego, the power of the Fi type is transformed into arrogant ambition, vanity, and a desire to dominate. ● The power of the object is felt, and consciousness begins to feel ‘what others think’. ‐ In such cases, others are thinking all sorts of immorality, scheming evil, and contriving all sorts of plots, secret intrigues, etc. ● Elaborate counterplots are consequently produced by the Fi type. Introverted Sensation (Si) ● In the introverted attitude, sensation is definitely based upon the subjective aspect of perception. ‐ What is meant by this, finds its best example in the reproduction of objects in artistic expression. ‐ For instance, when several painters attempt to paint the same landscape, with a sincere attempt to reproduce it faithfully, each painting will still differ from one another, chiefly because of different ways of seeing. ‐ There will even appear in some of the paintings, a decided psychological difference, both in general mood and in treatment of colour and form. ● It always looks as though the object did not penetrate into the subject, but as though the subject were seeing the object quite differently, or saw quite other things than other people. ● Si seeks to make a definite inner impression. ● It is concerned with dispositions of the archetypal experiences of objects. ● Subjective perception as a whole—Si and Ni—is characterized by significance and meaning. ● Si apprehends the background of the physical world rather than its surface. ● The decisive thing is not the reality of the object, but the reality of the impressions they release, i.e. the archaic archetypal images. ● The reality of these inner impressions create an ideal mirror-world, or an alternate inner reality. ● This reality represents things not in their known form (Se), but rather in an enduring and eternal form, somewhat as a million-year old consciousness might see them. ● Such a consciousness would see the birth and passing of things existing in the present, and it would also see what was before their birth and what will be after their passing. ● Si transmits an image which does not necessarily reproduce the object, but rather spreads over it the impression of age-old subjective experience as well as events that are still unborn [hence its eternal nature]. ● It can even foresee new possibilities in a relatively clear outline, as well as events which later actually do happen. ● Its prophetic foresight is explained by its symbolic relation with archetypes, which represent the laws governing the course of all experienceable things. ● The morally oriented Ni type concerns themself with the meaning of their vision. ● They feel bound to transform their vision into their own life. ● Since they tend to rely exclusively upon their vision, their moral effort becomes one-sided. ● They make themself and their life symbolic, adapted to the inner and eternal symbols of events, but unadapted to the actual present-day reality (inferior Se). ● They only profess and proclaim their vision [making their communication ambiguous]. ● Impulsiveness and unrestraint are the characteristics of inferior Se’s overcompensation, combined with an extraordinary dependence upon the sensuous object. ● The form of neurosis is that of compulsion, but specifically exhibiting symptoms that are partly hypochondriacal manifestations, partly hypersensibility of the sensuous objects, and partly compulsive dosage to objects. The Auxiliary and Inferior Function ● Only one function can have primary deciding weight; this function is the dominant. ● A secondary function can operate as a supporting one, if its nature is different from but not opposed to the dominant function; thus a judging dominant function can have either of the irrational functions as its auxiliary, because they are functions of perception, not of judging. [The same applies to the dominant perception function in relation to the auxiliary judging functions.] ● This auxiliary function proves useful only inasmuch as it serves the dominant function. ● The unconscious functions group themselves in patterns correlated with the conscious ones ○ For example, conscious thinking-sensation is met with unconscious intuitive-feeling, with feeling having a stronger inhibition [T-S-N-F]. ● An attempt to develop one’s most repressed or inferior function is foredoomed to failure, because it involves too great a violation of the conscious standpoint. A Summary of Jung’s Typology [Made by editor] Carl Jung came about the eight psychological types through a synthesis of what is termed the attitudes and functions. Among Jung’s (et al.)1 psychological research of individuals, he discovered amongst them, that they were governed by two psychological attitudes—extraversion and introversion—and four psychological functions—thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition. And he defined them as follows: ● Extroversion: Prioritization of the object external to the mind. ● Introversion: Prioritization of abstractions independent from the external object. ● Thinking: Judgment of things via the intellect.2 ● Feeling: Judgment of things via sentiments. ● Sensation: Perceives the concrete nature of a thing. ● Intuition: Perceives the speculative nature of a thing. 2 “Intellect” in this sense means the faculty of the mind that reasons out things to reach an objectively correct conclusion. 1 It was Jung’s assistant, Maria Moltzer who discovered the intuitive function. It was under Jung’s original impression that feeling was only extroverted, but his colleague, Hans Schmid-Guisan later discovered otherwise with introverted feeling. And fellow analyst Toni Wolff was the one who introduced Carl Jung to the sensation function. (https://www.idrlabs.com/articles/2014/04/4-little-known-facts-about-jung-and-types/) Jung himself, in Psychological Types, summarized the four functions as follows: “Sensation establishes what is actually present [specifying, pinpointing], thinking enables us to recognize its meaning [explanation, description], feeling tells us its value [sentiment, taste, axiology], and intuition points to possibilities as to whence it came [source, insight] and whither it is going in a given situation [hypothesis, prediction].” The Other Jungians The later synthesis of the attitudes and functions led to Jung’s descriptions of the eight psychological types, as simplified above. But Jung’s definitions and descriptions seemed to be riddled with ambiguity, so other Jungians—specifically Jung’s student, Marie Louise Von Franz, and Jung’s colleague, J.H. van der Hoop—decided to expound on Jung’s descriptions of the eight types, formulated by their own research. Here is a summary of their additional insights: Extraverted Thinking Van der Hoop: "The [Te] type is guided by the structures and laws of thought, as these have been taught to him by his educator. … Facts are only thinkable for [Te] as parts of an organized reality. … The system according to which the extraverted thinker arranges their facts is also held to be objective... They order their facts critically and with great care… In addition, they also make use of their knowledge at an early age, so as themselves to be regarded as authorities" Von Franz: "This type is to be found among organizers... [They] establish order... They put clarifying order into the outer situation. … The emphasis will always be upon the object, not on the idea. … Such a man might spend his whole life settling problems, re-organizing firms, and stating things clearly" Extraverted Feeling Van der Hoop: "The [Fe type] lives entirely for contacts of feeling with other people. … All the actions, thoughts, and observations of people of this type are governed by the effort to establish relationships of feeling with other people. … In their experience, feeling attitudes are things of objective value." Von Franz: "The [Fe] type is characterized by the fact that their main adaptation is carried by an adequate evaluation of outer objects and an appropriate relation to them. This type will therefore make friends very easily; will have very few illusions about people... These are well adjusted, very reasonable people who roll along amiably through society... They spread a kind of atmosphere of acceptance, and it is agreeable.” Extraverted Sensation Van der Hoop: "[The Se type] very quickly becomes at home in the world of facts and things. If an object catches their attention, they at once seize hold of it... Facts perceived The Types Summarized Based on the descriptions from Jung, van der Hoop, and Von Franz, the general descriptions of the eight psychological types can be synthesized accordingly and summarized as follows: 1. Extraverted Thinking a. Goal: To realize an orderly system upon the outer environment. b. Means: The assessment and arrangement of objective data. c. Analogy: Science. the practical activity dealing with measurable and systematically arranged facts showing the operation of general laws 2. Extraverted Feeling a. Goal: To realize an atmosphere of shared sentiments upon the outer environment. b. Means: The assessment of what is objectively valued by others; a universal ideal. c. Analogy: Sociology. the study of what binds and separates people as individuals and collectives; the collective behavior of organized groups of humans. 3. Extraverted Sensation a. Goal: To experience the highest pitch of concrete reality. b. Means: Actively observing, capturing, and appreciating the “facts and things” at hand. c. Analogy: Existence. the totality of things which occur in the present and physical reality 4. Extraverted Intuition a. Goal: To apprehend the widest range of possibilities, insights, and connections. b. Means: Realizing and experimenting with objects that have the most potential. c. Analogy: Divergent/Lateral Thinking. solving problems by indirect approaches, typically through viewing and exploring the problem in new and unusual ways, and making unusual or unexpected connections between ideas; typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing, "non-linear" manner. 5. Introverted Thinking a. Goal: To reach a detached frame of reference, abstracted from the external facts. b. Means: Forming theories, clarifying ideas, establishing definite noetic principles. c. analogy: Metaphysics. the branch of philosophy that deals with first principles intended to describe or explain all that is, including abstract concepts like being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, etc. 6. Introverted Feeling a. Goal: To reach harmony with an inner ideal; an inner intensity. b. Means: Shaping and exploring personal sentiments. c. Analogy: Romanticism. a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing emotion, inspiration, imagination, melancholy, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. 7. Introverted Sensation: a. Goal: To establish a definite, concrete impression of a phenomenon. b. Means: Absorbing every detail of a phenomenon and using this experience as an archetype to rely on. c. Is like: Information Science. the storage, retrieval, and indexing of recorded knowledge and of its uses 8. Introverted Intuition: a. Goal: To gain insight on the essential meaning of all experienced phenomena. b. Means: Pursuing inner archetypal images. c. Is like: Mysticism. a doctrine of an immediate spiritual intuition of truths believed to transcend ordinary understanding or intellect; “a central visionary experience […] that results in the resolution of a personal or religious problem.”