Europe in the 18th and Early 19th Century: Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Revolution, Diapositivas de Historia

¡Descarga Europe in the 18th and Early 19th Century: Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Revolution y más Diapositivas en PDF de Historia solo en Docsity! EUROPE IN 18TH AND BEGINNING OF 19TH CENTURY ABSOLUTISM: king by god’s right The monarch held all the powers Legislative power The laws were decided by him through decrees Executive power He named ministers and led the army Judicial power He was the highest judicial authority and named the judges 1. The Enlightenment • It was a form of absolutism influenced by Enlightenment ideas. “All for the people, nothing by the people”. • Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the Great of Russia modernised their kingdoms by introducing several reforms: Enlightened despotism -Education: new educational institutions and modification of the curriculum to educate a the new elite. -Government: modernised bureaucracy, strengthened the central administration and tried to expand taxes to privileged estates→ increase incomes. -Land: expropriated unused land (Church, nobility) to improve productivity. 2. The Thirteen colonies revolution • They had considerable autonomy, but many taxes were imposed by London and they didn’t had representatives in British parliament. • The aim to have political representation + increase of taxes in 1764-66 + creation of a tea trade monopoly control by British = American war of independence (1775-1783). • France and Spain supported the revolutionaries. • The United States constitution was the first constitution (1787): national sovereignty and separation of the three powers. • It was an example for the European bourgeoisie that the old regime could be abolished and a liberal system could be stablished. • In mid 18th century English territories in North America were known as the Thirteen colonies. ATLANTIC OCEAN E New England colonies [E] vaa colonies a Chesapeake colonies [Ea] Lower South colonies (1620) Date settled by Europeans | 4 Frenchtods Ay Areas of European settiement 3. The French revolution: the causes • Economic crisis. The harvests were very bad since 1760, so the price of bread rose up. Also, due to these poor harvests the feudal lords tried to increase the taxes and compensate the reduction of incomes. c) The economic and financial crisis Evolution of the production and price of wheat • Financial crisis. Originated by: the financial cost of the American revolution + high expenditure at the court. To resolved this problem Louis XVI proposed that the privileged begin to pay taxes. The refused and demanded the call of the Estates- General (only one to approve tax reforms). 3. The French revolution: the causes • Third estate representatives leave the meeting when privileged refused to allow them greater representation (one men one vote) and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly (representatives of the nation). They pledge to draft a constitution. • The people of Paris supported the Assembly and on July 14 stormed the Bastille. The revolution spread to the countryside where nobles’ homes were burnt, the Great Fear. • In autumn Louis XVI accepted the National Assembly→ France was a constitutional monarchy, end of Old Regime. The break out • The Estates-General met in Versailles in May 1789. It was chaired by the king and made up of representatives of the three estates. 4. The development of the French revolution • 4.1. The constitutional monarchy (1789-1792) The phases of the revolution - Constituent Assembly - Legislative Assembly • 4.2. The social republic: the convention (1792-1794) • 4.3. The conservative republic: the Directory (1794- 1799) - Girondin Convention - Jacobin Convention 4.2. The social republic: the Convention (1792-1794) • In 1791 Louis fled Paris but was discovered and arrested. This betrayal + the military invasion → revolt of the common people, who stormed the Tuileries Palace. • Royal family was imprisoned and a republic was declared. 4.2. The social republic: the Convention (1792-1794) • The Legislative Assembly was divided in different groups On the right: Feuillants (royalists) and Girondins (high bourgeoisie, federalists). On the left: Jacobins (male universal suffrage, popular sovereignty, national unity) and Sans-culottes (more radicals). The Girondin Convention • The Girondins took control of the republic. A new assembly, the National Convention, was elected by male suffrage. • The king and the queen were executed. In response, European monarchies formed and absolutist coalition against France. Inside France were counter-revolutionary revolts by privileged people and royalists. 4.2. The social republic: the Convention (1792-1794) • In mid 1793 the Jacobins seized power. A new constitution was enacted: universal male suffrage, right to social equality. And also a new calendar. • The executive was led by a Committee of public safety, which gave power to the Jacobin leader Robespierre. • To stop conspirators, the Reign of Terror was imposed. Freedoms were suspended and opponents to the government were imprisoned or executed. • Prices and salaries were controlled, the assets of counter-revolutionaries were distributed among the poor, Church lands were sold and education became compulsory. • Opposition to dictatorial government → coup in mid 1794 ended the Jacobin government. The Jacobin Convention 4.3. The conservative republic: the Directory (1794-1799) • Napoleon Bonaparte, a general with a lot of fame due to his victories over absolutists powers, took advantage of the situation and made a coup in 1799 (18 brumario) that ended the Directory. • Moderate bourgeoisie took back control of the revolution. • Jacobins laws were cancelled and a new constitution (1795) was enacted: it granted executive power to a collegial government of 5 members, the Directory; and restored census suffrage. • The instability was permanent due to tensions between Jacobins and royalists. Napoleon 5. Napoleon • Napoleon’s coup was supported by large part of the bourgeoisie to put an end to the political instability and promote economic recovery. He forced the passing of a new constitution in 1799. It not include separation of powers or a declaration of rights. Public opinion was censured. • Now, the power was held by three Consuls and Napoleon was the main consul (dictator). But in 1802 Napoleon proclaimed himself Consul for life. • Although the Napoleon’s arrival in power marked the end of the French Revolution, some of his reforms consolidate crucial changes to break with the Old Regime: Napoleonic code (prohibition of certain privileges, religious freedom), Concordat (state control over the Church and confiscated lands were not returned). The Consulate (1799-1804) 5. Napoleon • In 1803 Napoleon began his conquest of Europe and in 1804 he was crowned as emperor by the Pope. • His objective was to expand the ideas of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, but under French control. • He won notable victories against Austria (Austerlitz) and Prussia (Jena) invading most of Europe and creating a continental blockade against Britain. • He suffer a defeat in Russia, and he was finally defeated in Leipzig (1813). • In 1814 he returned to the power for hundred days up to his final defeat in Waterloo (1815). He was deported to island of Santa Helena. Napoleon’s coronation The Empire (1804-1815) O Honstem O LauEnsBURGO Ó) LOMBARDÍA VENECIA Cambios territoriales Adquisiciones de Austria Mar del Norte 0 PARMA Adquisiciones de Dinamarca e SS Adquisiciones de Rusia o IMPERIO Adquisiciones de Prusia RUSO Adquisiciones de Suecia Adquisiciones de Piamonte-Cerdeña Adquisiciones del Reino Unido Limites de la Confederación Germánica OCEANO ATLÁNTICO 6. Back to black: the congress of Vienna and the Restoration - France returned to the frontiers it had before the Revolution. Netherlands, Switzerland and Piedmont were stablished as a barrier to control it. - United Kingdom got Malta and the Ionian islands - Austria got territories in center and north-west Italy, and Croatia - Russia got Finland, Poland and Bessarabia - Denmark got territories in north Germany -Sweden got Norway - Prussia got territories around it - Piedmont-Sardinia got Savoy and Nice • Main territorial changes after the Congress of Vienna: 7. The liberal and national revolutions • The restoration of the conservative order was more a theory than a fact. Several factors were gradually transforming many countries in Europe into the liberalism: a) The example: the French revolution was the clear demonstration that the old regime could be deposed. b) National movements: national identities emerged in many parts of Europe during Napoleonic invasion, they were supported by the ideas of Romanticism. 7. The liberal and national revolutions • Belgium: a national and catholic revolution, with the support of France, led to the creation of present day Belgium in 1830, with a constitutional monarchy. • Poland: There was a nationalist uprising against the Russian Empire in 1831. But it failed due to the abandon of European powers, the superiority of Russian forces and the divisions between bourgeoisie and peasants. 1830 • France: the revolution started when the king Charles X dissolved the parliament. People of Paris defeated the royal army and named Luis Felipe de Orleans as new king. It was a parliamentary monarchy with census suffrage. The liberty leading the people, by Delacroix 7. The liberal and national revolutions • France: is again the core from which revolution is spread over Europe. Luis Felipe was deposed and the 2nd Republic started with male universal suffrage. In June the lower classes made demonstration against the lock of national workshops but the bourgeoisie government repress them. It was the official divorce between classes. In 1852 Luis Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) was elected as president and declared himself Emperor by a coupe d’état • Prussia: demonstrations called for German unity and a constitution was approved, but Austria invaded Prussia and restored absolutism. • Austria: social instability forced the king to abdicate in his son Francisco Jose I, more liberal. 1848 9. The unification of Germany • After the Congress of Vienna German territory was divided into 39 states, all members of the German Confederation. • In 1834 many of these states (not Austria) created the zollverein, a customs unity promoted by Prussia. • In 1862 Wilhelm I became king of Prussia and together with his prime minister, Bismarck, achieved the unification of Germany through military action. Bismarck The precedents POLONIA X Sadowa IMPERIO Límites de la Confederación Germánica (1815) Reino de Prusia (1861) LORENA ALSACIA Incorporaciones a Prusia (1865-1866) AUSTRO-HÚN Confederación de la Alemania del Norte (1866) Estados del sur de Alemania incorporados al Imperio alemán (1871) Fronteras del Imperio alemán (1871) Anexiones de Prusia (1871) FRANCIA Y 3 ITALIA Batallas FUENTE: J. ronda (dir.), Historia universal, 1992. • 1864: Duchies war. Prussia got Schleswig and Austria Holstein after defeated Denmark. • 1866: Austro-Prussian war. Prussia wanted to expel Austria from the unification process. After the war the German Confederation was replaced by North German Confederation. Prussia annexed several states (Holstein, Hesse) • 1870-1871: Franco-Prussian war. After intelligent pressures by Prussia, Farce declared the war to Prussia, best prepared. France was defeated beginning the 3rd Republic. Prussia got Alsace and Lorraine. In January 1871 Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles. 9. The unification of Germany The process