Introduction to Emotion: Understanding the Complexities of Affect and Mood - Prof. Aguado , Apuntes de Psicología

¡Descarga Introduction to Emotion: Understanding the Complexities of Affect and Mood - Prof. Aguado y más Apuntes en PDF de Psicología solo en Docsity! EMOTION Course 2012-13 Facultad de Psicología, UCM Prof. Luis Aguado Unit 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF EMOTION Summary 1. Why emotion and motivation? 2. The cognitive neuroscience approach 3. Affect, mood and emotion 4. Dimensions of affect 5. Components of emotion 6. Basic emotions Why is motivation important? • Motivation, learning and education • Motivation in work settings • Motivation and clinical psychology -addictions and addictive behavior -eating habits and eating disorders • Motivation and choice -self-control -economic choice 2. The cognitive neuroscience approach 2.1. levels of analysis 2.2. what is cognitive neuroscience? 2.2. cognitive-affective neuroscience 2.1. levels of analysis behavior cognition brain processes Conscious appraisal “I must have done something wrong, she doesn´t like me” Activity in brain systems Incresed activity in visual, face-procesisng areas; amygdala activation stimulus Ongoing behavior Innapropiate social behavior (e.g. I´m eating with fingers) 2.3. cognitive affective neuroscience • Cognitive neuroscience applied to the study of affect and emotion • Stronger reliance on basic animal research -basic emotional reactions -genetic factors -preclinical research (e.g., drug discovery) • Stronger interest in psychopathology 2. Affect, mood and emotion 2.1.affect and affective reactions 2.2.mood and emotion …the positive Affective reactions Emotions • Affect as reaction to the environment • Affect as evaluation • Affect refers to all psychological functions related to stimulus evaluation as positive/negative • Affect as experience and affect as behavior • Affective Cognitive Neuroscience (ACN)  study of cognitive/brain mechanisms involved in affective experience and responding The emotional brain: an introduction to affective neuroscience (Davidson) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSGWcfQK0P8 2.1. Affect and affective reactions Affective reactions • automatic, short-duration, reflex-like reactions to a specific stimulus • involve an implicit evaluation of the stimulus as positive (pleasant) or negative (unpleasant) • no need of complex perceptual or cognitive processing • examples: -disgust reactions to unpleasant tastes/smells -pleasure reactions to pleasant touch -aversive reactions to acute or crhonic pain 3. Dimensions of affect Dimensions of affect •Affective states can be classified in terms of a few dimensions • Two basic dimensions: Valence and arousal VALENCE negative El VS A ca AROUSAL Ele 1 WE Mill! El elle WE ilalO) How are valence and arousal related? ol419 lolo el negative positive activating deactivating neutral positive relaxing positive activating negative relaxing/deactivating negative activating The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) Lang, Bradley & Cuthbert, 1997 • pos/neg/neut pictures • different contents • studies -evaluative; normative studies -psychophysiology (e.g. GSR) -EEG and neuroimaging valence activation SAM Please describe your mood, from positive to negative 23456789 International Affective Picture System (/APS, 1999) Figure 11.3. Distribution of pictures (top panels), sounds (bottom left panel), and English words (bottom right panel) currently collected in the International Affective Picture Sy tem (1APS; Lang et al., 1999), International Affective Digitized Sounds (Bradley £ Lang, 1999b), and Afíective Norms for English Words (Bradley 8: Lang, 1999), respectively. Each set of materials is plotted in a two-dimensional affective space, defined by mean rat- ings of pleasure (ordinate) and arousal (abscissa) for each stimulus, The shape of the distri- butions is similar in each stimulus modality, consistent with the hypothesis that emotion stems from two underlying neural systems, appetitive and defensive, that each vary in arousal. In the top panels, the a priori valence of the IAPS pictures (e.g., pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant) is indicated to highlight the fact that men and women show characteristic differences in their affective ratings (see text). Similar sex differences can be seen in the bottom panels, in which the ratings of men and women for sound and word stimuli are il- lustrated in each plot. Reactive components Cognitive components Experience components Physiological Expressive Action trends Facial Vocal (emotional prosody) Bodily THE COMPONENTS OF EMOTION Evaluation and appraisal Emotion regulation Emotions as feelings The pyhisiological component AANS Ttarget organs (e.g. heart, sweat glands) Response (e.g. increased heart rate, sweating) Affective evaluation event A simple model for generation of physiological responses Measuring emotion physiology • Sympathetic activity -skin conductance -heart rate -pupil size • Hormone levels -”stress” hormones (cortisol) ¿through what channels are emotions expressed?  Propositional messages • language  Non-propositional messages • facial gestures • postural changes, gait… • voice intonation (emotional prosody) How are emotional expressions produced? Automatic control • expression as part of the emotional response Voluntary control • emotion regulation • emotion display rules http://www.cio.com/article/facial-expressions-test The cognitive component of emotions Evaluation and appraisal • emotional responding requires affective evaluation • evaluating personal relevance • different levels of processing (automatic vs. controlled) • evaluative dimensions -valence -expectancy -personal relevance -responsability -controlability Perceptual processing and affective processing Emotions as feelings • feelings as the conscious experience of emotion • feelings as (partially) reportable • different components of emotion contribute to feelings External event as appraised Action readiness Arousal state Emotional experience (feeling) 5. Basic emotions What are basic emotions? • Short duration responses, triggered on the first stages of information processing and implemented in primitive brain structures shared with many vertebrates, found in all human cultures and closely related with responses shown by other primates (Paul Griffiths, “Philosophy of emotion”) Ekman´s five basics Happinness Anger Fear Sadness Disgust What are emotions for? • Behaviorally establish our position in relation to the environment  change response hierarchies  approach/avoidance reactions • Psychologically  alter attention  activate relevant memories • Physiologically  organize the response of several biological systems (endocrine, ANS, muscular…) EMOTION INNATE RELEASER ACTION TREND ANGER Threat by a conspecific or predator Agression FEAR Physical danger Escape Paralization HAPPINESS Physical well-being Personal contact/proximity Approach Increased motor activity SADNESS Loss Withdrawal Motor slowness DISGUST Contact with nocive substances Rejection/expulsion