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10 SUJETS TYPES DE BFEM CORRIGES ET COMMENTES, Lectures de Mathématiques

Les autoroutes du brevet. Mathématiques 3e. 5. EXAMEN DU BFEM-SESSION DE 1989. CORRIGE. I ALGEBRE. EXERCICE 1. 1°/ Trouver successivement dans Z, ...

Typologie: Lectures

2021/2022

Téléchargé le 08/06/2022

Anne91
Anne91 🇫🇷

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Télécharge 10 SUJETS TYPES DE BFEM CORRIGES ET COMMENTES et plus Lectures au format PDF de Mathématiques sur Docsity uniquement! M.CARRE MATHEMATIQUES LES AUTOROUTES DU BREVET 2006 REUSSIR VITE ET BIEN 10 SUJETS TYPES DE BFEM CORRIGES ET COMMENTES Illustrations nettes et précises.                !"#$ %& '("( )*#          ( '+' #$ %& '(( )*#          , '!  '-'(#$ %& '(( )*#             , +  '!#$ %& '((! )*# !   "#   ! $     , -  .(#$ %& '((. )*#            , + '#$ %& '((" )*#%        !   $         !"#$ %& '((( )*#    !   "   &          $ '    (  + !#$ %& ++ )*#  $     "#    # "   !    - /'  0 1 .!'#$ %& ++!/'  0 1 )*#    !   "   &      $(         "#   !  ! /0 1 !!!#$ %& ++!/0 1 )*#   !   '"% !-2  34 4*  !.$ 3  4 !"  5  4 !() 4   -+) 4 3       ! B< :C 6!!!#=< : =#%   D$$' 'GH )    33   =      45 4  4  45 :IF(J+,  :IF(J+ ;3   :IF( ⇔ :IJ(  45   ⇔  ( & = /:1/:K1J+, ⇔   L L   &  &= = − 2∅ :    M    = −   :    M    = −     ∉   − ∉     ∈   − ∈    ∈   − ∈  GH  33     45 4  4   , / 1    / 4    / 1    / 4    / 1    ⇔ :N ⇔ :N   / 1    ⇔ : ⇔ :   / 4    ⇔ :N ⇔ :N   / 4    ⇔ : ⇔ :   ∞    K∞ ∞    K∞ ∞    K∞ ∞    K∞   M   −∞     M   +∞     M   −∞ −     M   − +∞   GH  4 4 4  4  1   45 4   4  45 :I(+,  :I(+ ⇔ /:F1/:K1 :F+ /'1 :F+ /1 ⇔:K+/1C :K+ / 1 5 :I(+3 > :9* 5, 5 4 4 9*J'∩ ,      - 5 4 4 9*J∩  , 5 4 4 45 :I(+J∪  J/'∩ 1∪ /∩  1 J  M   −∞ −   ∪  M   +∞   D$$# 'GH;4;3 ; ;# :  & − $434 =44:=4 ;  4MM+M!, ;/1J    ' '× − = = ;/1J' ;/1J  / 1  (× − − = −    ;/15: ;/+1J  +  × − = −    ;/+15: ;/!1J  !  .× − = ;/!1J . 2  4   ; ; ; ; :FO+, 23; ; :O   ,    ; ;;J  M   +∞   GH1$434 /√1I/K√1I /  1IJI/1  K J.  /  1IJ.  /K  1IJIK/1  K J.K  /K  1IJ.K  12   4 3 13  4;  45%5  # 5J . − %5J . + 5J . − J / 1− $ 34   ,  = P+  343 43    ,  = − N+ /1IJ P4 P  /  1IJ 5Q  P+ 334# / 1− J  5J  %5J . + J / 1  + = + %5J  + ,0 ),  4*      . 24 5 *   /== 1=  4/M1%/M1, 'GH)    4343443  $  49   3 43  2  4 4  3 %$, $/:$M9$12/:2M921 /1J$4 J$, /1:$ J $ 9$ :$J  J$⇔ $ 9$J  %$/1J24 %$J2, :$:% K  %$ %$ %$ 9$9%K + :2::2K 2 2 929 92 :2KJ :2J  %$J2⇔ ⇔ 2 92J+92J G1   4 4/=2=$=%1 34 %$J24 /=2=$=%1 444 ,  %%$ :# :%:K + % % % 9%9 - + / -1 + + + +× + − × = + =  3%%$ :, /=2=$=%1 444 /=2=$=%1 34 %%$ : G1)   44  3 343 33  34/   /  πJ=' 1, J) π×  *  3 343 33 44 4  34, $4344 4$  34,  / 1 / 1"  " " & &  = − + − 7%#3434 $44 * 9  4 4 34%$,  / 1 /  1 '- - !  '" = + + − − = + = = * " π= ×      '+ D 72C%& 72'(( $0    !"!3 *  :;349S; ;  # ;/:1J:I:/:1J'F:, 'G1$434 4 4 'J;/ " 1 J/  1 ;/ " 1J / "1 " " " "  − = − = − ' "  = − /  1J'√  J'√ G1H$434 4 4 J;/ " 1K/  1, J 'K   /"  1= − K/'  1  ( = −   ( = −  H2 3    54 +=+'3#'= ' N  N'= '!, '= ' N  N'= '!  ×'= '!N ×  N ×'= ' 4543  !=--N  N!=-!- 44  (!=--N(  N(!=-!-  ;, = N(  N= = N N=!4 J=!F= J+=+' G14 4J '    ,   53  4;  (  3∈T ∈ J /"  1/'  1"   '    ' " .'   − +− = = = − − −−   = − J J  !"!#3 * 4;349S ; # /:1J/:√1IK/:√1/'K√1K/'K√1I 'GH   /:143  549S, /:1J/:  1IK/:  1/'K  1K/'K  1I JV/:  1K/'K  1WI J/:  K'K  1I J/:K'1I /:1J/:K'1I GH  =45 / 1 . + & − = #  / 1 . + & − = ⇔  ' . +& + − = ⇔  ' .& + = ⇔:K'J.:K'J.      '' ⇔:J-:J" ⇔:J:J GHB4;3 ;  #B/:1J / 1 ' & − H 44  =B44;34 U H 44  =B;3;;U B/:1J / 1 ' & −  / 1  ' '- & &= + − :K'O+#B/:1J:K'F' :O '  − #B/:1J:4 =B;34 , B;34  :∈4:    +∞−∈ M  ' :K'X+#B/:1J:'F' :X '  − #B/:1J:F4 =B;3;;, B;3;; :∈4:    −∞−∈  ' M 3H   B  *   /==<1      ' $  !"! 'G1$  4 4 34= 4 4 # %J"3$J-3,  3 :   34 , 434%4 =%J"34$4$J-3, G1$434 %$3%$ %$IJ%IK$I 3%$J +" + J "=+ '+ " = %$IJ- K- %$IJ'++ %$J'+%$J'+33%$J+=" G143 4 4 J '  %, G1 44*4>/%$1  3/$17,  4 [ ]+    4, /6 !(1 1$  4   % +  , " , = %4 3  =7$4 3 4  % + J , " /) * )4*1, /%$1HH/ 71  1   7J '  $  J '  % 3 % + J '       '! D 72C%& F72'(( 4    !"! '13  45:  ' .!( " () '( 4;  '* ( M   : 45   , 1$434 4 4   45:  # '     & & & & − − − +,- '.   !"!   : 449*  :> :3  *$/$01' 1$/$*' 2  4 4  434/M'14 39*, 43  39*  4 4      I49* .*$/$01'   (/'  C4  > *   /+==<1 43  344=%=$  4 3  %.022 %02.2%3024  44 V%W, $434 4 3%M$%$  4 4%$ 34, Y4 <3 4  4 /  $434 %YM$YMY/4 4 4  4 4 34,1 1%5$5 3 4 < : %$ 45: /+=<1, 1*5!-5  +/ +" 6 Z Z Z + 0 + " # 1    3 345334 Y >45:/=1,      '- D 72C%& 72'(( $0    !"! '13  45:  ' .!( " () '( 4;   '* ( ,/  : 45   1, .!  ! ! = × =  7!,8+,9 )0246:# "  '- = × = )0' !× '(  - " = × = 4' × ' ! × ( × () " × :' -× ''+  ('-  (!-  '"  *'41' 1$434 4 4   45:  # '     & & & & − − − +,- '.  #  :J  #$J / 1  / 1  / 1 / 1 − − − − − − − ( ) ( )  - '-!  ' '-     +− − = ×− −+××− = − −− =" '  - '-! +− −  !"!   : 449*  :> :3 # *$/$01' 1$/$*' 2  4 4  434/M'14 39*, 34/M'14 9*4 =# *($01'  43: 9 ' 1($*' 4 :, 4 39*# *($01'⇔% × *($01'⇔ *($01' 1($*'/ × $*((1'.*((31' < > = # .K J+ ⇔1'.)    4[  45  9*# *($01' ⇔*((0×)' ⇔*(3' ⇔*'.3      '. ⇔ *'.: 43  39*  4 4      I49* .*$/$01'   (/'  4[  4  4 =49*  # '":F9K!J+⇔4$/'.0   (/'   (/' < > 3 := # /'"K  '. ⇔' '"  + −  434 4  : 45     9#   '"  × + − (/' ⇔/'.  '"  × + − ⇔/' '" ! + ++ ⇔ /' '" !! + +  '1C4  > *   /==<1, 43  344=%$  4 3  %.022 %02.2%3024  44 % $ 343  4 % '=! '=! +    / 1 +    +  + & &   + − + = = + + −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⇔YKY$JY$JYK$ ⇔YKYK$JYKYJY ⇔YK$J ⇔ YJ$ ⇔ YJ$ 234=Y$4 3 , 25QY∈[$], ,15>8# %)+69 3S   4   43 34 3   9 J, 34>, 'G1$434 ;3 4 4 3S, 4 4 3S,  L L    ( / × = L L  (  π= ×         π π× × = = * /  =    π = *       G1) 3 43 34M3434  =44  = 454 ), ) 3 34= 3)J, $4344 )53?), ) 4 34=4 ) 0 0 = , ) '     = = J+=! 5:  4 4 # += ""N)N+=! + -GN)N.G 23)J-G>'G *  ;, G17\3 3  43 34, $434 ;3 4 445 4 49   4*     7\   \    \   7J 7 7    4 4 49     7\,   L L    ( / × = L L     (   = × =         × = = /  =     = 45 4 49   4*    7\,   L L L  (    = +  L   ,$    × = × 4 !G -G .G "G  += -- += "" +=! + +=!      !   4; /:1=3 34 4  : 444/:15 ;,$ 4 34444  , 4  3445/":K'.1/-:K'(1J+, /":K'.1/-:K'(1J+ ⇔":K'.J+-:K'(J+ ⇔ '. " & = −  '( - & = −   '. " & ≠ −  '( - & ≠ − #   / 1 - '( &  & & + = + 1 4 #/:1J+M?%' '  # /:1J+⇔   + - '( & & + = + /:1J '  ⇔   ' - '(  & & + = +   '. " & ≠ −  '( - & ≠ − #    + - '( & & + = +    ' - '(  & & + = + ⇔:KJ+⇔/:K1J-:K'( ⇔:J   − ⇔-:K J-:K'( ⇔+:J'! 4 4 1$434 4 4 :3 /  1/  34  1,    4  3>'+     ; /  13'<  <0#    / 1 -  '(  + = +    44   # /  1/-  '(1 - !.  '  " / 1 . -'/-  '(1/-  '(1  + − − + − = = −+ −   !  / 1 "(  + = 3 /  1>'+   *# '= ' N  N'= '! -=-N !  N-=-.! -!=-NK !  N-!=-.! +=.+N  !  "( + N+=. +=.N/  1N+=" !    !  / 1 "( "(  − − + = = −      - ?%  ')A . + >9+* B7C*-6      4 3 53   3# '1  3    3 34  1 3453       '-+++& 4  4  M   # G1   44  G1 : 4  4,  %$ 4 344%J"3$J 3, $434 %$; ; , '1 Y4 < 4  /%$1   %  J%Y:%$$  J$Y:%$,  $434 %Y,$YY, 1  44*4>4 /Y1 $3/%1,$434    $, 1 $434 ,; ; 34*  /==@1 *  4=4/ M 1=%/(M-1M$/'M'12/-M(1, '1 2 43  3 %$4   4%$, 1 \444   4* %$2U@; 4 , 1   4/M"19     >/%$1, $   3    04 3  4 ]  4 3 +] +] !] !]   . ::) 7D7E*5      . D 72C%& 72'((. $0      4 3 53   3# $   3    04 3  4 ]  4 3 +] +] !] !] '1  3    3 34 #  "*E *8898".!" !-5*"  13453       '-+++&  4  4  =   # 1   44 $   3    04 3  4 )4 ]  4 3 +] +] !] !] '++] 3  4  ! G .G !G (G '"+G      + %$2 444  4 %$24, %J%$ 1   4/M"19     >/%$1, $434$%, !!'! ''1-"/1(/ !!+ ('1'"/1'/   ==+=+−++= ==+=+−+−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× = :J(-++& 9J(-++ .-"+ ! × = 9J.-"+&   J ''  '' K -  "' , '13  4; K  /= 3   4;1, J ''  '' K -  "' , J''F: . K . F( J! . J J!3J. 1%/:1J:  F'K/:K.1/:F1 1&3  %/:1 %/:1J:  F'K/:K.1/:F1 :FJ/:F'1 %/:1J/:F'1/:K'1K/:K.1/:F'1 :I'J/:F'1/:K'1 %/:1J/:F'1/:K'1K/:K.1 /:K.1       %/:1J/:F'1/:K'!1 :K'!J/:K!1 %/:1J/:F'1/:K!1  12 4 =   =  %/:1 %/:1J/:F'1/:K'!14  44;34 %/:1J:IK'!:F:F'! >   4; ;3 , %/:1J:IK':F'! 145: /:1J / 1 / '1/ .1 + & & &− + 1 4 43  5:3 /:144; $  5:3# /:1: /:'1/:K.1≠ + 4 45/:'1/:K.1J+    4 4  444/:15 ,  4 4  444/:1:, /:'1/:K.1J+ ⇔:F'J+:K.J+ ⇔:J':J. /:1:4  :≠ ':≠ . 4;3#  :≠ ':≠ .# / !1 / 1 . &  & & + = + 1$434 /:1 :J  :J'  :J  # /  !1 / 1  .  + = + ( 1!/ 1.1/./ 1.1/!/ . 1!/ 1/ − −− = −+ −+ = + + = . ((- . ((- 1/ + = − −− =  :J'# / ' !1 ' / '1  ' . -  − + − = = = − + / '1  − =  4   # '1/%$21 *8 34  V%WV2$W4%J-3= 2$J 32J3,$434 45  3 *8 5   *8  4; 4# L L    (  ×  ( ) / 1  + )" )  +") + × = ( ) '! I +") = ( ) /- 1  '!   +") + ×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√1, /+1J+IK":+F+ /+1J+ /+1J+ /  1J ( ) "  ++ −      - /  1J "  + '. " + − = − + /  1J '. " − + 1 /:14 ; /:1J / 1 / 1  & + & ,  44 4  :=/:15 U /:15  %/:1J+, %/:1J+ ⇔/:F1/:F!1J+ ⇔:FJ+:F!J+ ⇔:J:J! /:15  :J:J!, !12 3  4; /:1, /:1J / 1/ '1 / 1/ !1 & & & & − + − −   & ≠  !& ≠ #/:1J '+ ! & & + − /:1J '+ ! & & + −   4;  =%J'"MYJ'M$%J ! ,/Y14  34 > /%$1, '1 $434 4 4 :3 $ %$/%$J%YKY$1  $%J / " $J ' ' ! '!  ! / "+ × = = = $Y% $J'! %YIJ%IYI Y$IJ$IYI %YIJ'"I'I Y$IJ'!I'I %YIJ'"+ Y$IJ"' %YJ- ! Y$J( %$J%YKY$J(K- ! %$J(K- ! 1  44*4>/%$1 4 V%W4%J-=3/$1&, 3434 &  &      . $Y% 44 * )4*# =%4 =&$44 =   " + = /&1HH/%$1   " + = 3&J  " + × &J ' '! '+ '" × = &J'+  ) 3 3 34/$1 3   * %J-3,   3 34/$14 J-+G,  >/$13/%17, '1 \444   4 =7 =7 U  3 4<; 4 , J 9 J  3  43*4  34,  J 9  J-+G 3 K J'+G   J J-+G  3#  44 4 /7 13 34  3/7 1⊥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×K/ & K  1  J & K & √K J & K" &  K'F   & (44    # J & K &  KF   / & K  1JF   &  ×  43 3 # Y/ & 1J & K &  K  433 # Y/ & 1JK &  K & 0/:1J/ & K  1   44; 4 ( )   (  ( (+ = + + J & K &  K/:K  1  J & K &  K  43 3 # 0/ & 1J & K &  K  433 # 0/ & 1JK &  K & 1   ;3  Y/:1#    Y/ & 10/ & 14`;   ,  3#Y/ & 1J0/ & 1 25Q#Y/ & 1J/ & K  1  Y/ & 1J/ & K  1/ & K  1 1\/:1J√Y/:1# \/:1J ( ) & + J  & + 44; 4  = \/:1J  & + 1 45\/:1J√#   & + J   44; 4# ⇔    L L    &  &+ = + = −  L L (  (   (= ⇔ = = −    L L   &  &⇔ = = −    L L   &  &⇔ = = −         1 45\/:1J   #   & + J   ⇔     L L     &  &+ = + = − ⇔     L L     &  &= − = − − ⇔       L L - - &  & − − − = = 312 *   4/==<1=   \/:1#, \/:1J  & +  & K√P+4 \/:1J & +  & K√P+⇔:P   −  & K√N+4 \/:1J  &− −  & K√N+⇔:N   −  & K√J+4 \/:1J+ & K√J+⇔:J   − D 79-87 ,-9C, 8B6*15*-    M   −∞ −   #\/:1J  &− −  :J   − #\/:1J+    M   − +∞   #\/:1J & +   #    M   −∞ −   #9J  &− −  :J   − #9J+    M   − +∞   #9J  & + : −∞    − +∞ \/:1  &− − +  & +       ! $434  4  3 3S# $4344  B   3#BJ Z Z '+ ' +  0 0 = =  ' " =   -=    ' " −    . "     0 0π × × = J+3  . "  0 0π × × = × J:!+3J'++3  . + '++ !+++ "   π π× × = × =  !+++   π = $434  4  3 49  # $4344  B   3#BJ Z Z Z Z Z + ' +  0  1 0  1 = = = =  ' " =   -=    ' " −    . "      1 0× = @J +3  . "  1 0× = × J:!+3J'++3  . + '++ ' +++ "   × = × =  ' +++  = 3 4 : 4  : *4=4 ?4 *44 3,   3 *  4%$4%J!3M$J-3%$J. 3,44 V%$W, '1 $  0=43      4%$# 3    04  3    ,       - 130K0%K0$J=   #   4=  K %K $J 0 0K0%K0$J ⇔0 K K0 K %K0 K $J ⇔0 K K %K $J ⇔ K %K $J0 0 J 0 ⇔ K %K $J 0       . D 72C%& F72++! 4/'  0C1 : 33'  4:  # ;/:1J/:F!1I/:F'1I/:1J:IK/:K'1/!F:1F! 'G12 4 =     ;/:1/:1, G1&3  ;/:1/:1, G1/:1 / 1/! -1 /! 1/ 1 & & & & − − = − − 1 2 43  5:3 /:14; /:1, 1   # / 1  & = , : 33   539  3; >34 :9 5# #'!+&   54/ 1 3 4 +++&, #!+&45  54 , 'G1:4  5   44='/:1/:14 :; 3 3   3 := '/:1J'!+:K+++ /:1J!+:, G12` * /==<1=3  4    43 ;;',  #'3 '+++& 45:   '3  45:  3 G12    4 44 454  45    3 44 43434, G1  3     :34 5 ;; 9 4 4` :U : 33 'G113  3 34/1 3   9 3,% : /1  4, 43   /14 J 3, 31 \444   4 U 1    4  454% , G1R4 5 3 4  34 >/%1 4 / 1, 1 @; % 4 34, 1   3% J3R=3434 RR, G1Y4 < 4   /%1, 1 3434 3%  :*  ;; , 1 :  %Y;3 3%    I+% +/ + = , G143 4 4[ ]4J3,  44*4>/ 1 34[]&, \444   4&U  : 33 Y 3 5   4;  53S   4 /  ; 3 1#YJ'+3MYJ'+3MY43     ,      !+ G12    4 44 454  45    3 44 43434, 54 >   '!   , $ 34 4  : 444'!+:K+++N!+:, '!+:!+:N+++ ⇔++:N+++ ⇔:P'! G1  3     :34 5 ;; 9 4 4` :U 2:34 5 ;; 4` :  '!   , : 33 'G113  3 34/1 3   9 3,% : /1  4,43   /1 4 J 3, 1\444   4 U J J 3J J  J 3 4   4 4 4, 31    4  454% , %  4 , J-+G % J'"+G-+G % J'+G % J'+G G1R4 5 3 4  34 >/%1 4 / 1, 1 @; % 4 34, ∈/1 % 4 V%W *  /1 34 , 1   3% J3R= 3434 RR, 3% J % + J '  3RJ  . J '   3RJ RJ× J" RJ"3 RIJRII RIJ- F'- RIJ " RJ  RJ  3      !' G1Y4 < 4   /%1, 1 3434 3%  :*  ;; , 24 4% Y 34Y, 3%J +/ +% 24 4%  34 , 3%J +% + 1 :  %Y;3 3%    I+% +/ + = , 3%J +/ +% 4 %YJ% ×3% %YJ% ×3% %YJ% × +% + %YJ +% + %YJ +% + G143 4 4[ ]4J3,  44*4>/ 1 34[]&,\444   4 &U == 4 3  =&=4 3     %  % = = /) * )4*1 / 1HH/&1    %  = = 4 &J     × = × = &J3    % % = = 4 &J    %× = × = &J3 J&J&J34 & 4 4 4,      ! : 33 3 5   4;  53S   4 /  ; 3 1#YJ'+3MYJ'+3MY43     , 'G1$434 4 4 33S, 64J L L    (  ×   64J I  / /π× × 64J '++ '+ '+++   π π× × = = 64  '+++     π π = = G1    3 3:   5   3    ;44 3  '+3 3S>'+++&4;44,$434 4 4,  4 4J  π × × JYJ 9 $4344  3,  JJ  3 IJYIKYI IJ'+IK'+I IJ++ J'+   4 4J '+ '+  '++ π π× × =   5;44J3S×3S   5;44J'+×'+J'++   ;443 J L L Z L           ;443 J '++   '++ π π=  π J='   '= ' = = # π ≈ = ((-/4 a 4>b1 N π N!  3  3=4     33 !;44, 24J!×'+++&J!+++&,      !! G1$  4&4$&J%F$, $&J%F$ $&J$K$%F$ $&J$K$% $%K%&J$K$% %&J$ G1@; %44 V2&W, %&J$ 2%J%&4 %44 V2&W, 2%J$ : 33#'+/' 1 3 33 ;; 3 ,2 44 /61;/&1 <; ,      !-  @;3 B1 : 4;4 F/:1 ;, & :;= :; /:1;  41 4 4%$ 34% 4 J3$, 6 $34  1 -+ '!  = , 6 -+ '!  '! '!    × = = = 1 (+α β+ = ° 4 α β  4 , &  (+α β+ = ° 4 α β   34  1   /!!!!!!1 /1 /""""""1+ = , & IK I≠ /K 1I 1 /F 1IJI K I, & /F 1IJ/'1I× /K 1IJIK K I 1 " ! 4 45 "F!:IJ+, & "F!:IJ+ !:IJ" :IJ " ! 1   59J:K  4/'M!1, 6 ,0 543;;;44 ;/:1J:K  4  3 'K , 1 %$J24 V$WV%2W4 `4, 6 V$WV%2W4 4 5  444 , 1 %J$2/%1HH/$214  %J$2, & V%1V$21 `   ;; ,      !. <G<  H /%1HH/2$1/21HH/%$1 C %$2 4* I$WV%2W4`4%$2 444  C %J2$2J%$ <G H /%1⊥/%$1/%$1⊥/$21 /$21⊥/21/21⊥/%1 C      -+  G  ++5"!*6",DB6K7, >8BK*5>9  3V%W 4 /   4 1 >     `4 ,    45 : =  3  , ) [4  I:1 34 3=   `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