Romanticism and Industrialization in 19th Century Britain, Appunti di Inglese

Scarica Romanticism and Industrialization in 19th Century Britain e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! historical background . ● The king was George III, on the throne from 1760 until 1820 ● George III was known because of his madness due to an illness, pofilia ● England enjoyed a period of internal peace, had control of the seas ● Colonies were becoming more populated ● ‘no taxation without representation’, ‘all men are born equal’ ● England imposes the rights on the colonies ● American revolution, 1775-1783 ● American colonists in 1776 were divided into 3 groups: neutral 40%, patriots 40% (supported independence), loyalists 20% (wanted to remain british colonies) ● American revolution was inspired by enlightenment, spread of ideas that influenced the colonies ● ‘all men are born with natural rights’ Locke’s thoughts were used in american declaration of independence ● Rousseau ● Montesquieu wrote about the separation of powers ● Thomas Paine’s ‘common sense’ urged colonial independence ● In july 1776 5 men committee to draft a declaration of independence, the principal author was Thomas Jefferson ● It was based on Locke’s thought, all men have natural rights of life, liberty and propriety, citizens can do a revolution if the state is unfair ● George Washington created an army ● British were stronger than Americans ● Britain underestimate american commitment to independence ● British tried to divide and conquer ● The first turning point was with Washington ● The second turning point was the alliance with France ● The american army was getting stronger and stronger and it was noticed by France that was by their side ● After battle of Saratoga in 1777 France joined american cause ● The france army was by their side ● Lafayette, french general, helped train American troops while French navy helped neutralize british advantage on high seas ● The war shifted on american’s favor ● Battle of Yorktown, America wins ● General Cornwallis surrenders to George Washington ● Revolution closed by the Treaty of Paris in 1783 ● The treaty gave america: fully independence, all territory east of Mississippi river, florida reign of George III ● Age marked by the expansion of the colonial empire, India, North America and Caribbean ● Struggle for parliamentary reforms ● Condition of people was changing for the worse industrial revolutions . ● England was the right country, raw materials, they have lots of materials, coal, iron, steel, skilled workforce, they could count on high literacy of their population, they can become skilled workers, liberal ideas, economic liberalism, Adam Smith was the father of economic liberalism, in 1776 he wrote On the wealth of Nations - no intervention from the state in economy ● Industrial revolution started in 1760 and ended in 1840 ● It’s spread all over the world ● It was a process that changed industry, agriculture and social life, because people moved from the countries to the cities ● Starts with steam engine (motore a vapore) ● Changes transportation and communication ● New social issues emerged, bad living conditions, sanitary problems, loss of identity, widespread poverty, no rules (exploitation of workforce, even women and children) romanticism . ● Predominance of passions over the reason ● It was born as a reaction to the enlightenment ● It was a period of change on the background of the french and american revolution ● The idea of inspiration was important to the romantic movement ● In england the movement is divided into two parts: ➢ In the first one the outsider is Blake ➢ There’s a first generation: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, inspired by the French revolution ➢ In the second generation there are Shelley and Keats, they already lost the idea of the revolution ● It was a time of repression, very strict home policy, need for social reforms, the society was changing, lots of people were moving to cities ● The material used to build factories were bricks, they had a chimney and a water source, they were also using coal ● Mill towns were born, cities near factories ● Coketown, the coal was the main source of energy, coal mines ● Pollution and slums ● The poet asks many questions to the Lamb in the first stanza ● He talks about Jesus, he calls himself a Lamb ● Religious theme ● Nobody was allowed to criticize the church ● Meek and mild, sweet ● Childhood, the poet identifies himself as a child ● Children have the gift of imagination more than the reason the tyger ● The songs of experience ● Opposite of the lamb ● The tyger is the symbol of the tiger, so it’s spelled with an Y ● In a forest during the night ● The poet asks questions ● Reminds of Milton ● There are no answers, only questions ● Plenty of archaisms ● ‘On what wings dare he aspire’ -> Icarus ● ‘What the hand, dare seize the fire’ -> Prometheo ● His references were the Bible, Paradise Lost and Myths the chimney sweeper ● The songs of innocence ● He’s the only one that talks about children labour ● The problem with industrial revolution became more evident ● Onomatopoeic sounds and alliteration (sweep) ● Lamb is a symbolic animal, symbol for innocence ● The child dreams that all his friends were locked up in black coffins ● Opposition between white (second stanza) and black ● An angel with a key frees the children from the coffins, it’s a biblical image ● The children wakes up while it’s still dark and he goes to work ● They were conforted by fate, their belief in God would end their difficult conditions ● Protestant moral, if you follow the rules you don’t need to worry the chimney sweeper ● The songs of experience ● Onomatopoeic sounds ● Parallelism between the two poems ● Contrast between black and white ● Initial criticism about religion, the parents of the chimney sweeper go to church but they abandon him ● Blake was against church institution the ecchoing green ● Pag 168 ● The song of innocence ● Archaic spelling of Echoing ● Description of the landscape, happiness ● Friends and children playing the garden of love ● Pag 170 ● The songs of experience ● Chapel: recurrent symbol ● Not a welcoming place, it’s closed ● Condemn the repressive conduct of the church ● Church is an oppressive institution William Wordsworth . ● The first fully romantic author ● Author of the lyrical ballads, a collection that has a preface in prose which is the manifesto of English romanticism ● They talk about three aspects ➢ the role of the poet: a man with the gift of imagination, a visionary, ➢ the subject matter of poetry: nature, life of common people, expressed in everyday language ➢ the creative process: ‘poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, recollected in tranquillity’ ● They won’t always be successful ● He marries a young woman from whom he has a child ● He was an admirer of french revolution and its ideals but then there’s a phase of defection I wandered lonely as a cloud ● Pag 174 ● Inspiration: entry in Dorothy’s journal ● Principles of romanticism ● The speaking voice is the poet’s ● Personification ● Alliteration in D ● Enjambement ● Inversion ● Natural elements are personificated ● At the beginning he was fascinated by the show but he didn’t pay attention ● The importance of the sight ● From the physical aspect he moves to the inward eye, he imagines reality in a new way with emotions recollected in tranquillity (the poet is alone lying in the coach) ● Optimistic attitude toward the nature ● Not everyday language ● He’s not describing common people but the superiority of the poet, the visionary man with a gift ● The poet sees a lot of daffodils ● The rhyme scheme is regular, each stanza is closed by a rhyming couplet, it gives harmony and perfection to the composition following the flowers’ movement ● scheda classroom My heart leaps up when I behold pag 215 ● Blank verse ● Anaphora ● Love for nature ● Reflession on the past, present and future with the anaphora of so ● The child is father of the man, paradox ● Nature brings a constant atmosphere of joy ● Role of sight ● is it, inversion ● Awareness that life would be meaningless without nature ● The child can teach to adults their relationship with nature and because it's unspoiled ● The child is a teacher and a father ● The poet identifies with the child Preface of lyrical ballad ● 1802, third and last edition ● 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge publish anonymously the lyrical ballads ● His language was going to be the language of conversation of middle and lower classes