Appunti letteratura quarta letteratura inglese, Appunti di Inglese

Scarica Appunti letteratura quarta letteratura inglese e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 1 James I During his reign religion remained a big issue. Son of Mary Stuart. He didn’t rule the country basing his reign on he love of his people, as Elizabeth, but he believed in the divine right of kings. He was the representative of God on Earth. He was an absolutist king. parliament could not accept it. James surrounded himself with Scottish favorites. The court was made up of Scottish people. English people couldn’t stand it. His court was disreputable and corrupted. He was protestant, not as his mother, Mary Stuart. In fact, catholics were banned from public life, they couldn’t work or studying public offices and schools. They were discriminated. The puritans were the extreme wing of protestantism. They had a strict moral code, profound, deep sense of duty and morality. They were against any form of entertainment and they believed in Individualism and Predestination. The anglican church, according to them, was still too popish: • 1605 Gun Powder Plot: there were some people, whose leader was Guy Fawkes, catholics who wanted to blow up the parliament and the king while in session. Guy Fawkes was discovered and imprisoned and torture in the Tower of London. • 1611 James released a new version of the Bible. Used for more than 300 years. • 1620 The puritans wanted to find a place where they could profess their faith. They wanted the “land of the free”. They tried to find shelter in Holland but then they sailed off to America, with a ship called “May Flower”, they founded “New Plymouth”, the 1st colony. This puritans are called The pilgrim fathers. " Charles I Son of James I. He had to deal with religion, which was the heart of life at that time. The stress of individualism brought to the creation of different groups with one leader each: Congregations. Charles I sustained the church of England, which was similar to the roman church. Together with the puritans we had the presbyterians, mainly in Scotland. They didn’t support the hierarchy of the Church of England, they wanted the Church to be controlled by elected ministers. The most important event under Charles I was the clash between the king and the parliament, because Charles I was, like his father, an absolutist king. He didn’t summon parliament for 11 years. The most important class was the middle class, the puritans. He created the “Royal Art Collection”. • 1628 Parliament forced the king to sign the “Petiton of Rights”, according to which taxes demanded without parliament permission were to be considered illegal. Charles I didn't sign it, so he dissolved parliament. • 1640 Short Parliament. Charles had to summon parliament to face the revolt in Scotland. Parliament denied him money, he dissolved it after 3 weeks. • 1641 Parliament wanted the king to accept some radical reforms which granted the control of parliament over the king. He refused. This led to the civil war, which broke out in 1642. • 1642 Civil war. Country divided into: The royalists and the Repulicans. Royalists were the noble men, the aristocracy and the church. The roundheads were merchants, landowners. They were called like this because they were bold, as having long hair was a sill for the Puritans. Oliver Cromwell was the leader of the roundheads. • 1649 Charles I was defeated and beheaded. " Commonwealth England became a Republic called Commonwealth, governed by Oliver Cromwell who was the Lord Protector. Cromwell had to face a problem: all the groups that supported him divided. Cromwell couldn’t count on a general support of the country. He became a dictator. He passed the Navigation Acts, according to which all English goods had to be carried in ships owned by England, whit the English flag. England was at war with Holland and Spain. During republic there was the so called Rump Parliament. Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 2 Cromwell died in 1658 and his son became the new chief, but he wasn’t as good as his father and he failed. So the parliament asked Charles II to come back to England to rule over the Country. " The Restoration 1660-1685 Is the restoration of the monarchy under the figure of Charles II, who came back to England from his exile in France. He is the Merry king: easy going, licentious, prone to corrupt. During this period we have the degeneration of customs. People was relieved for the restoration of the monarchy (mainly the aristocracy) because people couldn’t stand the strict moral code of the puritans. So people dedicated themselves on a more libertine and cynical lifestyle. They wanted to live a life of pleasure. Men and women cared about they appearance, they liked fashion. Parliament was mainly made up of anglican people, so he had to give in to the determination of the anglican majority in Parliament. • 1673 Test Act according to which those who refused to conforme to the anglican church were to be excluded from public life. Parliament was divided in 2 parties: the tories and the whigs. The whigs were the representatives of the middle class, while the tories wanted to defend the interests of the crown. • 1665 Great Plague • 1666 Great Fire of London • 1685 Charles II died. " James II Brother of Charles II. He believed in the divine right of the kings • 1687 Declaration of Indulgence, relieved the dissenters from the effect of the test act. James had a son and a daughter. Parliament didn’t want the country to be ruled by him, because he was catholic and absolutist. Parliament wanted the country to be ruled by his daughter Mary, but with the birth of his son James Edward Stuart, it couldn’t be possible. So a new secret plan was created to ask Mary and her husband William of Orange to come to England and take over the country. James was abandoned by his officers and he fled to France. • 1689 Mary and William were crowned as King and Queen of England. " William III of Orange This is called the Bloodless revolution. • 1689 Bill of Rights, Toleration Act. • 1690 Battle of Boyne, to clash some revolts. • 1694 Mary died • 1701 Act of Settlement " Anne I She was the protestant daughter of James II and the last of the Stuarts. • 1707 Act of Union: union of the English and Scottish parliaments To protect their interests abroad, English entered the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) with Holland and Prussia against France Spain and Portugal. Peace was made with France and Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713. According to which Great Britain gained Gibraltar and Minorca, strategically important for their influence in the Mediterranean, and gained: 1. Acadia and Hudson bay, important for the maritime control of Canada, together with the island o Newfound land. Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 5 " Milton wrote in unrhymed blank verse. According to him the universe was made up of different levels: 1. Heaven 2. Chaos 3. Hell This concept is well organized: it had to be based on order and balance, that dependent on each creature being placed in its own position within this structure. God was at the top, the brute was at the base and man was in the middle. Man has to find his balance between his instincts and his love for God. When we refer to Milton’s style, we’re talking about Grand Style, because he uses latinized words, inversions. " On His Blindness Sonnet written in rhymes. It is a petrarchan sonnet. It has similarities with “Paradise Lost” because there are lots of Run-on lines and Long sentences. Milton is speaking to himself, the main theme is his own Blindness. He is justifying to God and the fact he can’t be a real puritan since he’s not able to exploit his own gift. "" The Restoration Cultural Background Main themes: • degeneration of customs • libertinism • excess • immorality • vices • cinism • pleasure The rest of the country was still Puritan, the restoration had some some positive aspects: • 1662 Foundation of the Royal Society, the first scientific society. Its role was fostering the development of experimental science, devoted to empirical research. The am of the Royal Society was aslo to overcome the mysteries of nature to improve human life. In fact at that time one of the most important currents of thought was natural Philosophy; its aim was to discover the mysteries of the universe. Among the forerunners we can fined Newton and Halley. Many philosophical and scientifically pamphlets were written in elevated English but with a direct language. " Diaries Two famous diarists were: 1. John Evelyn: he wrote about scientific observations and informations about that time 2. Samuel Pepys: he belonged to the middle class. He wrote his diary in a secret code that he invented. He wrote about himself and about the people that surrounded him. He put himself at the centre of his diary. He also wrote about feelings and about the Great Fire of London in 1666. " Restoration Drama After the great fire of London, Sir Christopher Wren built new theatres, completely different from the Elizabethan ones. They didn’t have the circular form, the apron stage that jutted into the audience. Therefore the relationship between actors and audience changed. They are similar to ours. The audience was in front of the stage. Two stages: front stage, backstage with a curtain that divided the stage from the audience. They were covered. Sceneries were introduced. Much more attention was paid to the visual effects Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 6 and less to the words spoken. It was not democratic, because only aristocracy used to go there. They went to the theatre to enjoy. They wanted to see the representations of their lives, about aristocracy and middle class. The dramatists took inspirations from France and Spain. They wanted to see humor, elegance, sex. It celebrated the libertinism and hedonism of life at court. Three different types of plays: 1. Heroic plays 2. Tragedies 3. Comedy of manners which best represents restoration drama. It described the social and moral behavior of the characters, which were taken from aristocracy. This is exposed to the laughter of the audience, as well as to the admiration of it. It is a realistic description of life at court. The main characteristics are the use of humor and wit. The characters can be elegant aristocrats or country men (Contraposition between the elegant and the rustic manners), the country men was the object of mockery. They are the so called stock types. The comedy of manners is similar to satire, which aim was to make fun and make people reflect on a problem, but the comedy of manners didn’t want people to reflect on that, only to laugh. " Journalism In 1557 journalists organized and gathered in a corporation to defend their interests, in this period journalism acquired his social status. In 1789 The Spectator and The Tatler by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, were founded. Periodicals became famous upon wealthy middle class and aristocracy. From journals middle class learnt how to write letters, how to talk in public, which books to read, how to behave and think " The rise of the novel The main difference between Shakespeare’s period, the prose of the Middle Ages, is that in the Renaissance there is the need for realism of the novel as a genre. The language of the novel also refelcts this realistic trend: it is plain, factual, similar to that of newspapers and magazines. Novel features are: 1. Stress on contemporary reality 2. Chronologial sequence of events 3. Abundance of realistic details 4. The novelty of the stories " The readers of novels were mainly from the Middle Class, whose outlook was mainly practical and realistic. Novels came into being to satisfy the need of the new middle class, which asked original stories realting orinary experiences. The characters were recognizable as people who lived in a world they shared with their readers " -Realistic Novels (Robinson Crusoe, Defoe) Detailed realism shows in the novel especially in two elements: time and place. Time ceased to be eternal and immutable power whose presence was mainly felt through death and physical decay. Robinson Crusoe is about Robinson’s experience from year to year and the author often describes Robinson’s life day to day. Defoe is the first great writer to be seriously concerned with space as georgaphical entity. His sea voyages are measured by latitude and longitude. " -Utopian Fiction (Gulliver’s travel, Jonathan Swift) Genre that went back to classical literature. Gulliver’s Travel continues the utopian tradition of showing imaginary worlds or nations wich are presented as a counterpart to Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 7 actual imperfect society. Gulliver’s also includes real geography and the same precision and objective details included in Robinson Crusoe " -Epistolary Novels (Pamela, Samuel Richardson) Included letters wtitten by one person, often a traveller in a real or imaginary country. A second phase was inagurated by Samuel Richardson who presented an exchange of letters between several correspondents. In Richardson’s Pamela, is a girl who goes through a process of growing up and her personal identity is changed by experience. Space conciousness also enters the novel with the description of interiory. He descrbied furniture, books and pictures in a room. " -Picaresque Novels (Tom Jones, Henry Fielding) Deal with the adventures of a young, reckless hero on the road, very popular in England in the 18th century. Tom Jones is divided into three balanced parts: Tom’s adventure begin int he country side, continue on the road and are brought to a solution in London. Tom’s adventure though are not casual, but part of a process of growing up, at the end he’s a responsible and reliable young man. Under the comic style of the novel Fielding celebrates aristocratic and Christian Virtues: courage, generosity and benevolence. " -Sentimental Novel (A Sentimental Jouney - Trisram Shandy, Laurence Sterne) Was also influenced by sentimentalism. Many novelists chose sentimental stories as their themes and a type of writing that caused instense emotional reactions. A sentimental journey is hald a diary and half a sentimentalized autobiography. Tristram Shandy is a long, unusual novel, with praticall no time scheme or plot. Narrated by the author himself, describes his family’s everyday life. For its abscence of conventional plot and time scheme, it looks ahead to the modernist novel. " """ Features of the novel -Prose We are considering prose writing. Basically the ordinary way through wich we communicate orally or in written form. " -Fiction The techincal word for two literary genres of wide popolarity in the last two and a half centuries; the novel and the short story or tale. The difference of the latter is bades on its different length. Fiction derives from “fingere”. " -The Novel The novel told a story which, although invented, was quite realistic, the characters were recognizable as people who lived in a world shared with the readers " -Subgenres Realistic, Utopian, Epistolary, Picaresque, Sentimental, About growing up. " -Story and Plot A story is the description of a connected series of events, either true or imagined, which involve one or more characters and settings. The way in which the events that make a up a story are organized into a narrative is the plot. Story and plot not always concide, since the same story can be told by using different plots. """" Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 10 cannibals. Crusoe teaches Friday English and converts him to Christianity. The two become like father and son (more or less). Friday and Crusoe also rescue a Spaniard and Friday's father from a different group of cannibals. Eventually, an English longboat full of sailors lands on the island. Crusoe learns that the men have mutinied against their captain. After Crusoe helps restore order to the ship, the men and captain pledge allegiance to Crusoe and agree to take him home. Crusoe then returns to Europe with Friday, where he comes into a great deal of money from his sugar plantations. " The Augustan Age Called like this because it derives from Emperor Augustus, which was in a period of stability. British thought that they shared some characteristics with that period. For example internal stability, political stability, big vast empire, they saw the roman ideals of strength, fortitude, persistence as characteristic that a british citizens should possess. Augustan age is divided in two phases: 1. about Classicism, Neoclassicism, is the Age of Reason. 2. about Romanticism They believed that the language used in poetry shouldn’t be used in every day life. They used poetic diction, strictly used in poetry. They were the representatives of human reason, not human feelings. In their poems they had a rational approach to the issued they wanted to talk about. There was a prevalence of reason offer feelings, because reason was the only thing that could temper men’s selfish nature, only reason could turn man into a social being. Main topic of that time in poetry was “man and his social environment”. They wanted to provide social poetry, models with refined behavior, perfect social behavior. They taught the reader how to behave in society. Literature had two aims: amuse and instruct. Poets aimed at the perfection of forms, balanced forms. " Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) He was a tory, it was an age of political controversies, and these controversies found their expression in satire. He founded the Scriblerus Club, a literary club, whose aim was satirizing the abusing of science and learning plus denouncing immorality, corruption and emptiness of society. Satire made laugh and instructed the reader. Jonathan Swift is known for his hatred for mankind. He has a misanthropic personality. This was due to a kind of mental disease, in fact he died insane, paralyzed for a stroke. However he was able to show feelings of affection for his friends. He felt love. One of his friends was Alexander Pope. He was an Irish man, born in Dublin and he showed concern for Irish people. We are not sure, in fact, that he hated people. In some of his works, he defended Irish people. Swift made a ferocious harsh satire. That’s why he was different. This transgression didn’t match with the sens of order of the Augustan Age. He used irony and sarcasm. His most important novel is “Gulliver’s Travels”. " Gulliver’s Travels 1726 It can be read at different levels: 1. As a travel book: it is in fact compared to “Robinson Crusoe”. Travel, shipwreck, saved. Realism, although G.T. is set in an imaginary world, but Swift gave us many realistic details. 2. As a dystopian novel: Gulliver meets imaginary societies which are more civilized though, therefore he compares the English one with them and he finds out that English society is imperfect. 3. As a children’s book, due to its fantasy 4. As a satirical essay, on political social and religious conflicts of his time; issues cause by scientific and economic progresso and so caused by reason; it is a short satire on Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 11 human irrationality and wickedness; he wanted to underline human’s defects and faces. It’s divided into 4 books: 1. Gulliver’s adventure in Lilliput begins when he wakes after his shipwreck to find himself bound by innumerable tiny threads and addressed by tiny captors who are in awe of him but fiercely protective of their kingdom. They are not afraid to use violence against Gulliver, though their arrows are little more than pinpricks. But overall, they are hospitable, risking famine in their land by feeding Gulliver, who consumes more food than a thousand Lilliputians combined could. Gulliver is taken into the capital city by a vast wagon the Lilliputians have specially built. He is presented to the emperor, who is entertained by Gulliver, just as Gulliver is flattered by the attention of royalty. Eventually Gulliver becomes a national resource, used by the army in its war against the people of Blefuscu, whom the Lilliputians hate for doctrinal differences concerning the proper way to crack eggs. But things change when Gulliver is convicted of treason for putting out a fire in the royal palace with his urine and is condemned to be shot in the eyes and starved to death. Gulliver escapes to Blefuscu, where he is able to repair a boat he finds and set sail for England. In this book we can see Swift’s repulsion for human body, in fact there was a fire and he extinguished it by peeing on it. Swift through Lilliputians underlines wickedness and cruelty of human kind. Their being tiny is intended to represent the moral smallness of humanity and the pettiness and meanness of our world. 2. After staying in England with his wife and family for two months, Gulliver undertakes his next sea voyage, which takes him to a land of giants called Brobdingnag. Here, a field worker discovers him. The farmer initially treats him as little more than an animal, keeping him for amusement. The farmer eventually sells Gulliver to the queen, who makes him a courtly diversion and is entertained by his musical talents. Social life is easy for Gulliver after his discovery by the court, but not particularly enjoyable. Gulliver is often repulsed by the physicality of the Brobdingnagians, whose ordinary flaws are many times magnified by their huge size. Thus, when a couple of courtly ladies let him play on their naked bodies, he is not attracted to them but rather disgusted by their enormous skin pores and the sound of their torrential urination. He is generally startled by the ignorance of the people here—even the king knows nothing about politics. More unsettling findings in Brobdingnag come in the form of various animals of the realm that endanger his life. Even Brobdingnagian insects leave slimy trails on his food that make eating difficult. On a trip to the frontier, accompanying the royal couple, Gulliver leaves Brobdingnag when his cage is plucked up by an eagle and dropped into the sea. in this book we can understand better the idea of reverse in Swift. The giants represent human vanity and self love. Because he is so small he can see al their physical imperfections. Although they are described as wise and good, their vanity is seen as an obstacle to spiritual growth. 3. Next, Gulliver sets sail again and, after an attack by pirates, ends up in Laputa, where a floating island inhabited by theoreticians and academics oppresses the land below, called Balnibarbi. The scientific research undertaken in Laputa and in Balnibarbi seems totally inane and impractical, and its residents too appear wholly out of touch with reality. Taking a short side trip to Glubbdubdrib, Gulliver is able to witness the conjuring up of figures from history, such as Julius Caesar and other military leaders, whom he finds much less impressive than in books. After visiting the Luggnaggians and the Struldbrugs, the latter of which are senile immortals who prove that age does not bring wisdom, he is able to sail to Japan and from there back to England. The laputians are normal sized men, but they have their heads bent on one side, one eye looks up to the sky, the other one looks inwardly. They live in badly kept houses, their fields are not worked because they despise all practical occupations. Swift is criticizing the fact that human reason and science give the solution to humans’ problems. He thinks that they actually cause problems to mankind. He satirizes the emptiness of intellectual thinking when it s not related to reality. He then goes back to England. Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 12 4. Finally, on his fourth journey, Gulliver sets out as captain of a ship, but after the mutiny of his crew and a long confinement in his cabin, he arrives in an unknown land. This land is populated by Houyhnhnms, rational-thinking horses who rule, and by Yahoos, brutish humanlike creatures who serve the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver sets about learning their language, and when he can speak he narrates his voyages to them and explains the constitution of England. He is treated with great courtesy and kindness by the horses and is enlightened by his many conversations with them and by his exposure to their noble culture. He wants to stay with the Houyhnhnms, but his bared body reveals to the horses that he is very much like a Yahoo, and he is banished. Gulliver is grief-stricken but agrees to leave. He fashions a canoe and makes his way to a nearby island, where he is picked up by a Portuguese ship captain who treats him well, though Gulliver cannot help now seeing the captain—and all humans—as shamefully Yahoolike. Gulliver then concludes his narrative with a claim that the lands he has visited belong by rights to England, as her colonies, even though he questions the whole idea of colonialism. In this last book Swift represent the complete degradation and depravity of men because humans are reduced to disgusting creatures. Different scholars and critics consider Swift’s pessimism in different ways. Some consider the fact that Gulliver decides to lead his family to live with the horses as individual alienation: he alienates himself from the rest of human beings. Swift was indeed accused of hating mankind. Some think that, apart from his personal mania, Swift belongs to his age, his works reflect the ideas of that time: it as an age in which the rational approach to reality prevailed per irrationality, Swift’s satire is a personal expression of his point of view and it underlines the terrible effects of human nature when it is not tempered by rationality. The whole fourth book is based on the contrasts between animality and rationality. " A Modest Proposal Pamphlet by Swift, in which he dealt with a serious problem: Irish people had to cope with famine. A lot of people died. He tried to give a solution, through this satire. It is an example of his concern for Irish people. Solution: we can raise some children and send them to become good, he sugest recipes with children’s meat. He seems to be rather serious when telling this, he met an American scientist who supported his idea. Part of the children may be raised for reproduction. He gives some advantages and disadvantages. Eating Irish children, they could get rid of some popish roman people. He is not serious actually. It satirizes especially tabour the land owners, the middle class and the aristocracy who have already destroyed some Irish families. " Romanticism and Industrial Revolution Is the opposite of the age of enlightenment because of its new sensibility. We have two periods of romanticism: 1. Pre-romanticism 2. Romanticism During Romanticism we had three different revolutions: American, French and Industria. Usually revolutions were quick, but the industrial one was a slaw process. In the industrial revolution, the social and economic reality of Britain changed: British economy used to be based on agriculture and domestic manufacture, now is based on industrial manufacture. Before the industrial revolution, small family groups had some cottage industries. Then there was the invention of the steam engine and those were used to improve the production of any kind of good. They needed coal to work.At the core of the industrial revolution there was coal, you could find i in mines, so people moved to the mid-lands, Wales, Scotland to find coal mines. Families who used to live together are now split up. Factories were built near the coal mines. Workers lived near the factories, so some towns were founded: Mushroom Towns, because they popped up like mushrooms. Families moved to the mushroom towns to stay with the workers (who were men, children, women (because you have to be short to enter in coal mines)). Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 15 William Wordsworth and the lyrical ballads The first edition of “Lyrical Ballads” was published in 1798. Actually, at first, it wasn’t that popular because public was not familiar with that kind of work as poets generally avoided poetic diction before that. In 1800 the second version was published and it can be considered the manifesto of English Romanticism. In 1802 the third edition was published. “Lyrical Ballads” is a collection of poems written by Coleridge and Wordsworth, they were indeed close friends. In the prophase of “Lyrical Ballads” (2nd edition), Wordsworth explains their aims in writing such work. Wordsworth wanted to write ordinary things as if they were extraordinary through the coloring power of imagination. Here, we find a new concept of imagination: it can half create reality. Coleridge on the contrary wanted to wrtie about extraordinary thing as if they were ordinary. According to Wordsworth poetry had to deal with incidence and situations from common life. His best subjects were humble and rustic life, humble people, as if they were in close contact with nature which was a source of consolation, joy, happiness and a friend to man. The language used by them is the ordinary one (far from poetic diction) even if they'll contraddict themselves later on. According to Wordsworth a poet is a common man, but endowed with more imagination thant the rest of us. "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. Although the poet describes nature and ordinary objects, he doesn't obsever them with cold realism, but he perceives them throught the eye of memory, which recollects already lost emotions and half-extinguished thoughts. These feelings arenot immediate, but originated frome motions recollected intranquillity, emotions that are recreated by the subject of memory". " I wandered lonely as a cloud (Or Daffodils) The poet is present int he poem and he is the speaking voice. He is waling in the countryside. He compares himself to nature (they have loneliness in common). With the expression "croud of daffodils" there's another link between man and nature. There's an imedaite sense of tranquillity and the sense of sight is involved. He is just observing some yellow flowers, but he turns them into something extraordinary. There's also a sense of joy and happiness. He is remembering what he felt on that particular quotation (see quote above). Poetic process according to Wordsworth: 1. Sensory experience 2. It provokes an emotion 3. Emotion changed by memory (kindred emotions) 4. The poet will write something about them. "" Composed upon Westminster bridge, september 3, 1802 This poem is not set in nature, but in London, which is calm, quite silent but it's not smokeless. It's extremely realistic, in fact he's using the colouring power of imagination. He mentions artificial men-made elements (they seem to be). The poet is still present, individualism. Natural and artificial are in common in harmony. " The solitary reaper 4 stanzas. The poet is speaking to the reader or to himself. Sens of calm, the working process is describes as something joyful (idillic vision of what working in the fields means). He compares the Highlands to exotic places (Something ordinary becomes something extraordinary). He doesn't know what she's singing, word are not important, the emotions that it makes arise in him are important; this song is a mysteriousaura, something extraordinary. " The rime of the ancient mariner Samuel Taylor Coleridge was a close friend to Wordsworth. He had a poor health and for this reason he had to take opium to try to ease this pain. Opium was common at that Christian Mauro Appunti di Inglese di Quarta 16 time, bu the became an opium addicted and this thing influenced his career for the best and for the worst. According to some critics, The rime fo the ancient mariner was written by Coleridge under theinfluence of opium because it presents some elements of alcuination. According to others the work is too complex to be only the fruit of opium. All these opinion regard Kubla Khan, which is another poem written by Wordworth which is unfinished. It is part of the lyrical ballds. In the first part the setting in place is realistic (wedding). We have many realistic details and the description of the ancient mariner who looks like a spirit. From the beginning we have to notice that the whole rhyme is a mixture of realistic and supernatural elements. Emphasis is put on the eyes of the ancient mariner. The poem is a ballad. There's a huge sense of musicality. When the mariner starts to speak, there's another setting in place. The language is not plain. The description of the ship sailing off is realistic. Sun is personificated , because natural elements acquire other meanings. The two settings are intertwined: wedding, sea. The bride is red because she's wearing a red ress. The storm is personificated as well and the ship as well. The ship turns into somebody who is trying to escape from the storm. There's an image of fear. The turning point comes at line 63, when the albatross comes.