Architecture from the 19th century to the present, Appunti di Inglese

Scarica Architecture from the 19th century to the present e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! ARCHITECTURE OF THE 19th CENTURY The eclectic century -Architecture in the19th influenced by earlier architectural movements and foreign exotic styles that were adapted to the new technologies. -Two principal characteristics distinguish the 19th century: use of a variety of historical styles and development of new materials and structural methods. -Produced wonderfully assorted kinds of architecture such as: town and country houses, palaces, public buildings. -Elements of earlier styles put together to give an air of authority to town halls, railway stations, opera houses, institutional buildings. -New material as a result of new industrial needs. Mid years used cast-iron for large buildings. -Second half of century in USA→ construction of multi-storey buildings Skyscraper first seen in New York but mastered by the Chicago school of architecture. Louis Sullivan→ principle “form follows function” that become basic in 20th century. Chicago School of architecture -School of architects in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. Refers to skyscraper architecture during 1879-1910 by Willliam Le Baron Jenney with other american architects (Dankmar Adler, Louis Sullivan) which they formed a famous firm. -Frank LLoyd Wright, who worked for them, another important architect that left the firm to focus on house design. -Distinctive characteristics of school→ use of steel-frame with masonry cladding to make it fireproof. Exterior with bricks and terracotta allowing large glass windows and limiting exterior ornament. The “Chicago window” is a 3 part window with a large fixed central panel flanked with two small double-hung sash windows. -First series of high rise buildings had load-bearing walls of stone and bricks→ could not support supertall structures→ stimulate school designers to invent metal skeleton frame Crystal palace by joseph Paxton for the 1851 International Exhibition in London→ spectacular example of possibilities of cast-iron and glass. Eiffel Tower by Gustave Eiffel1889→ publicity for the new material: steel. Art Nouveau in architecture -greatest beauty found in nature. -Is new expressions of architecture and decorative arts end of 19th and beginning of 20th. -Historical models abandoned. -Each European country had their own name. -It took advantage of many technological innovations → exposed iron and irregularly shaped pieces of glass. (Galleria Umberto I and Vittorio Emanuele) -Asymmetrical shapes, extensive use of arches,curved forms, curved glass, stained glass. Italy: “Liberty” 1902 with esposizione internazionale di arte decorativa moderna in Turin. Liberty by a man’s surname: Arthur Liberty→ London merchant specialized in ornaments and fabrics. Before was “stile Floreale”. Pietro Fenoglio established this style → La Fleur House, Villa Scott, Villino Ruggeri. Spanish Modernist movement -Particularly strong in the region of Catalonia. -result of First International Exhibition in Barcelona 1888→ impulse in construction buildings and other urban developments. -architectural terms→ fusion of all arts into one This movement led by Antonio Gaudì→ he was influenced by nature and oriental styles. his work quite eccentric→ residential buildings: casa batllò, casa Milà Lluis Domènech i Montaner→ typically catalonian style Palau de la musica→ music venue, ornate corner building, large sculptural complex, details in every corner, stained glass windows and a skylight inside music hall. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE from the 1970s to the present -contemporary architects follow personal and individual paths, mixing together details, theory and new experiments. -since 1970 style have become more “fractured” → post-modernism, neo-medernism, deconstructivism, expressionism -5 main ideas that contemporary architects deal with: 1- re-use of old buildings 2- organic architecture 3- deconstructivism 4- computers in the design process 5- High Tech -word “starchitect” → neologism describing the phenomenon of architects achieving a sort of celebrity status (Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Renzo Piano, Santiago Calatrava) Renzo piano -born in Genoa in 1937 -studied and then became professor at Milan Polytechnic -1965-1970 he worked with Louis Kahn in Philadelphia -architectural firm with richard Rogers → Piano&Rogers, they worked together from 71 to 77 ↓ Kansai airport, Japan restored Lingotto FIAT factory, Turin Piano established technology as a starting point for his designs. He thinks that an architect should understand his materials and make the best use of their properties. He claims to be “humanist techie”. He won the pritzker Architecture Prize in 1998. Numerous buildings around Europe. “Pompidou Centre” in Paris → mechanical services were placed on the exterior of the building multifunctional: museum of modern art,cinema, theatre