Psycholinguistics: The Study of Language Processing and Storage in the Human Mind, Sintesi del corso di Lingua Inglese

Scarica Psycholinguistics: The Study of Language Processing and Storage in the Human Mind e più Sintesi del corso in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! 6. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS PSYCHOLINGUISTICS studies how the mind enables human beings to produce and understand language. It covers different areas: LANGUAGE STORAGE, LANGUAGE PROCESSING, etc. The history of modern psycholinguistics dates back to the 1950s. Before that time, BEHAVIOURISM discouraged investigation of the human mind. Two distinct lines of enquiry: 1. The mainstream one which draws upon the thinking and research used in COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2. The minor one who sets out with a theory of language like CHOMSKY’S one and attempt to find evidence for it in the speech of language users and in child language 6.1 STORING LANGUAGE: SOUNDS, WORDS AND GRAMMAR Psycholinguistics considers: • STORAGE how linguistic knowledge is represented in user’s mind • RETRIEVAL how that knowledge is accessed so accurately and effortlessly PHONEMES How we manage to recognize phonemes: 1. One way is to suggest that the syllables rather than the phonemes forms the smallest unit of analysis for a listener or speaker. Syllables are more consistent in form 2. EXEMPLAR THEORY infants learning to speak come to recognize the sounds of their language as a result of different ENCOUNTERS, stored individually as traces in our memory. LEXIS MENTAL LEXICON vocabulary store in the mind of the language user LEXICAL ENTRIES words stored in the mental lexicon. They’re consists in two parts: 1. One relating to the form include details of the words spoken and written forms 2. LEMMA represents a range of possible meanings associated with the item ACTIVATION PROCESS A number of possible word matches are weighed against each other in a COMPETITION MODEL, until one of the CANDIDATES wins out over the other • Early investigations in 1880s made use of WORD ASSOCIATION tasks • Today is preferred using PRIMING METHOD exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention. These connections are useful to listeners and readers, who benefit from a process of SPREADING ACTIVATION. The line about WORD MEANING examines how we manage to classify an unfamiliar object into a group. ROSCH suggested that we structure CATEGORIES around a PROTOTYPE. GRAMMAR Our ability to produce speech rapidly is dependent upon frequently occurring groups of words being stored in the mind as pre-assembled CHUNKS. 6.2 USING LANGUAGE: BASIC PRINCIPLES Four major forms of communication: 1. SPEAKING 2. WRITING 3. LISTENING 4. READING Skills can also be characterized by MODALITY this has implications for the conditions under which communication takes place MEMORY Two major forms: 1. LONG-TERM MEMORY a store holding our knowledges 2. WORKING MEMORY deals with short-term operations ATTENTION Human WORKING MEMORY can focus ATTENTION upon a task in hand and restrict the attention that is given to other parts of the environment. Our WORKING MEMORY is limited in how much if can hold. AUTOMATICITY One of the ways in which language users manage to overcome the limitations of working memory is by making many of their basic language processes AUTOMATIC it makes minimal demands upon working memory. 6.3 USING LANGUAGE: PRODUCTIVE SKILLS GENERAL PROCESSES Models of how the skills operate adopt an INFORMATIVE PROCESSING APPROACH aims to show how a piece of info keep being reshaped by the mind of a language user Any individual, when producing language, need: • To have a notion of where a conversations or piece of writing is leading • To have a specific idea that they want to express • To construct a language plan to express it and hold it in their mind • To send out signals to the relevant parts of their anatomy • To check on what they have said or written to see if it matches their goals • CONCEPTUALIZATION IDEAS • ORGANIZATION GENERAL AND LOCAL PLAN • FORMULATION LANGUAGE PRODUCTIVE SKILLSRECEPTING SKILLS