The Evolution of Communication Technology: From Enigma Machines to the World Wide Web, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Inglese

Scarica The Evolution of Communication Technology: From Enigma Machines to the World Wide Web e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! The Enigma machines, the BOMB, and the COLOSSUS are a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines. The first machines were invented in 1918 by German engineer Arthur Scherbius and were used to protect commercial communication. In 1926 Enigma machines were adopted by the German Navy and then by the Army and were used to exchange secret messages between military bases. During the Word War II, machines became more and more complex and were heavily used by the German army to encrypt radio signals. ARPA AND ARPANET ARPANET, in full Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, experimental computer network that was the forerunner of the Internet. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an arm of the U.S. Defense Department, funded the development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANETT) in the late 1960s. Its initial purpose was to link computers at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines. RAY TOMLINSON Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 — March 5, 2016) was a pioneering[1][2][3][4] American computer programmer who implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet, in 1971. MOSAIC NCSA Mosaic is one of the first web browsers. It was instrumental in popularizing the World Wide Web and the general Internet by integrating multimedia such as text and graphics.Mosaic was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana—-Champaign beginning in late 1992. NCSA released it in 1993, and officially discontinued development and support on January 7, 1997. Starting in 1995, Mosaic lost market share to Netscape Navigator and only had a tiny fraction of users left by 1997, when the project was discontinued. Microsoft licensed Mosaic to create Internet Explorer in 1995. TIM BERNERS-LEE Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA FBCS (bom 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a Professorial Fellow of Computer Science at the University of Oxford and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on 12 March 1989, then implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November. STORIA DEL INTERNET The origins of the Internet date back to the 1960s, at the height of the Cold War, when the world was divided into two large spheres of influence (USA-USSR). The terror of a nuclear war looms even more feared following two events: the Bay of Pigs incident in Cuba and the experimentation, in 1964, of the atomic bomb in China. The American Ministry of Defense, constantly alarmed by the Soviet threat, instructs the ARPA ( Advanced Research Projects Agency ) to study a network system, capable of preserving the computer connection between the various military bases in the event of nuclear war. Scholars start from the belief that the only way to ensure continuity in communications is to ignore a central node whose destruction would compromise the functioning of the entire network. Thus was born a decentralized network, called Arpanet, designed so that each node could continue to process and transmit data if the neighboring nodes were damaged.