Collegamenti maturità sul tempo, Dispense di Inglese

Scarica Collegamenti maturità sul tempo e più Dispense in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! DALI "THE PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY" ART (SURREALISM) Surrealism was one of the most influential art movements of the 20th century, born in France in the 1920s, which sought to explore the human unconscious and free creativity from rationality and logic. One of its greatest representatives was Salvador Dalì, Spanish artist who has created iconic works such as "The persistence of memory". Depicting soft watches that melt in a desert landscape, this work is a surreal vision of time and its fluidity that explores the depths of the unconscious and memory. In this work, as in many others of surrealism, the artist tries to overcome the limitations of the rational mind and to express his vision of the world through an innovative and surprising artistic language. In this painting by Salvador Dali, time is put into crisis by human memory. The dilation or contraction of the sense of time is a characteristic that depends on the individual individuality, but it is certainly a universal sensation to feel the passing of time according to absolutely personal meters. Time is symbolized quite explicitly by clocks, deformable and deforming elements that indicate precisely the reality of existence. These three watches on the point of melting in the sun represent the psychological aspect of time, whose passing, in the subjective human perception, takes on a different speed and connotation, internal, which follows only the logic of the mood and memory. PHYSICS/SCIENCE: (EINSTEIN RELATIVITY) The new conception of time, seen subjectively and no longer as an absolute parameter, is a direct consequence of the theory of relativity elaborated by Albert Einstein in 1905: establishing that time and with it also space are not absolute values but relative to the frame of reference, are put in crisis the principles on which they were based. Newton had argued that "true, absolute, mathematical time, on its own account and by its nature flows smoothly without reference to anything external". Albert Einstein was the first to identify that it was taken for granted that in physics there is an absolute time, that is, an immutable and indifferent time, identical in all reference systems. For Einstein such absolute time could not exist and this conviction is expressed with great clarity in his first work on relativity, published in 1905 with the title "On electrodynamics of moving bodies' '. Einstein proposed to refund physics from scratch starting from just two axioms: 1. The laws and principles of physics shall have the same form in all inertial reference systems. 2. The speed of light shall be the same in all inertial reference systems, independently of the motion of the system itself or of the source from which the light is emitted. The first axiom is a generalization to all physics of the principle of Galilean relativity which applies to mechanics. The axiom on the constancy of the speed of light allows to establish in an operational and unambiguous way when two events are simultaneous or not. This in-depth analysis leads us to the conclusion that the absolute time on which classical mechanics is founded has no physical meaning; It would only happen if the light spread at infinite speed. Einstein therefore comes to the conclusion that it is not possible to define even an absolute time. As a result of this he discovered that the measurement of the same time interval also depends on the reference system in which it is measured. PHILOSOPHY (NIETZSCHE) In Western Christian society time is conceived as linear. Nietzsche revolutionized this vision by talking about a circularity of time, functional to his theory of the Oltreuomo. It replaces a time no longer modeled on the conflict between moments, between past, present and future, but a time that we witness an eternal repetition of the moment. - In the doctrine of linear time (characterized by having a beginning and an end) every moment destroys the previous one, everything is overwhelmed by what comes after and therefore if I accept this doctrine I cannot live fully, because I know that every moment will be destroyed, deprived of meaning, from the next; - In the doctrine of the Eternal return, however, I can live life to the end because everything I do has an absolute value: there is an Eternal return of the equal, a cyclicity of the universe that results in the denial of the finitude of time. The moment therefore deserves to be lived for itself as if it were eternal. Interpreting time as a one-way straight line leads to considering every moment as a child of the previous one and obviously the value of every moment, according to this doctrine, becomes little relevant and consequently cannot be lived in full happiness. But to think instead of the moment as eternal repetition and therefore immortal means having to dispose to live life as a coincidence of being and meaning and to close it in a circle of happiness. The western man gripped by existential doubts is not able to conceive being and meaning as coinciding: for him time is an anguished tension towards a fulfillment that is beyond coming. Only the other man is able to welcome with enthusiasm the cyclical conception of time, because he has fully accepted life and is able to enjoy it. The theory of eternal return is presented in the work Thus spoke Zarathustra. Zarathustra tells of a climb on a steep mountain path, during which he, with the dwarf who follows him, is in front of a door, on which is written the word "moment" and before which two paths join that "no one has ever walked to the end"as they are lost in eternity: the first leads backwards (the past) and the other leads forward (the future). Zarathustra asks the dwarf if the two paths are destined to contradict each other forever or not. The dwarf’s response alludes to the circularity of time ("Every truth is curved, time itself is a circle"). The deep meaning of the eternal return is not banally that of the perpetual return of the same things, but it is a more complex meaning. Zarathustra, in a narration tells of having seen a sleeping shepherd, to whom a snake enters his mouth; Zarathustra tries to help him but, failing, invites him to bite the snake and so he is saved. What is the meaning of this? The serpent that bites its tail symbolizes time conceived as cyclic and that at first can be conceived as something suffocating: the idea that everything returns is unsustainable because nobody would like to repeat his life endlessly, as our life is not so perfect as to aspire to be desired for eternity. The bite of the snake means that it is true that the doctrine of eternal return can be suffocating, but only for those who have an experience of life not fully realized. The other man, instead, who knows how to live fully his existence can really want to live forever and cut the head of the snake means breaking the circle of time that returns to himself and fits into this circle. Believing in the eternal return means believing that the sense of being is not out of being, in an unreachable beyond, but in being itself and disposed to live life, and every moment of it, as coincidence of being and sense.