National Struggles and Unification in Europe: Italy and Germany, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Storia Contemporanea

Scarica National Struggles and Unification in Europe: Italy and Germany e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Storia Contemporanea solo su Docsity! CONTEMPORARY HISTORY 24.09.2020 THE NATIONAL AWAKENING The national struggle became always more important and widespread since the half of 19th century, in fact they had to try to make compromises with national principles in order to avoid that the insurrections come in a more revolutionary and social revolutionary way. Different types of states that had a different approach to the national question: cexisting nation-states(France and England) that didn't have struggle to form the nations (in England there was only the Irish question, which became important during the second half of the 19th century until its independence in the end of the WWI). In fact , e.g. Australia, and they had the possibility to experience advanced social models “nultinational empires (Habsburg and Russia, mainly the asian border of Russian were peopled by people who claimed their national identity) that needed to separate all the different national entities from central power due to the singuiar national ewakening of the regions, in fact here the social progress was a liberation progress. Russia had to struggle With the little countries of Estonia, Lituania e Latvia, due to the fact that blocked free access for Russia to the sea, issue that is still present nowadays but it's way more difficult thanks to NATO and UE. -tragniented regions of national identity (Italy and Germany): this two countries were the protagonists of the main national unification processes of the 19th century, in fact there is the need to unite a great amount of small states all belonging to the same national identity. This need eclipsed in these country the social progress. There is still difference between these countries since Germany wasn't dominated by a foreigner occupation like Italy. NATIONAL UNIFICATION PROGRESS- RISORGIMENTO Italy was fragmented in duchies and principalities, but heir main struggle was about the (Habsburg, Bourbon and Pope). Mainly the Catholic Church caused problems against the /talian National State, since made the individuals struggle between their national affiliation of feeling Italian and their religion affiliation of being catholic (it was a question of conscious for everyone), causing a lot of problems also after the unification of Italy. After Napoleon and his attempt to unify all the Northern part of Italy, the next national Movements were led by the carbonari, a secret movement composed by people who wanted to obtain the “Constitution of the Italian State”, which actually was a reconstitution since it was based on the Napoleonic attempt to unify the Northern Italy. Actually at the beginning only the North and the Northern centre part were considered possibile members of the Italian state, due to the Pope and the Southern occupations. The carbonari had the idea not only to unify the Italian State, but also to (Mazzini and Garibaldi were active in this group). They tried to uprise in 1820/21 and 1830 (constitutions in Naples and Sardinia) but they were crushed by the “Holy Alliance” (Habsburg, Prussia, Russia), which sent everywhere trips in order to suppress national movements (the national struggle for independence was considered a revolutionary attempt). The fragmentation led to different uprising attempts in every city, in particular they were different in times and modalities. During the 1848/49 revolution in Italy there can be seen two different revolutionary tendencies: - Revolutionary: temporary republics established in Venice, Rome, Milan (5 days of Milan), but they didn't cooperate with each other - Moderate Constitutionalist: the Piedmont king Carlo Alberto was the first European monarch to embraced the Italian issue, in fact during the 1848-49 revolutions he adopted a very advanced constitution (Statuto Albertino), that kept being the Italian constitution until 1946 since it had the basis of working in a very democratic way, except for the undefined role of the king, who possibly could have claimed all the power in his hands (in the history the kings always had a minor role than the prime ministers because the kings sticked to the principles of the civil society, i.e. the minority of people that was allowed to vote). Piedmont attempted to enlarge itself in the Northern Italy, but it lose the war against Habsburg because the French support didn't came, in fact it would have needed the support of the most revolutionary groups and the more progress-oriented one. Actuall The second Restoration then comes also in Italy, when Austria takes back Lombardy and Venice, until Cavour becomes in 1852 the prime minister of Piedmont, the leader of the moderate unification against revolutionary tendencies. So he made Piedmont the [eadertottinelconatitutionalist Unificationiofialy, by gaining Napoleon Ill (Plorrbiers agreements in 1858) support and Garibaldi (when after the Mille expedition he became the dictator, in the meaning of the guardian of the revolution, of Southern Italy he gave his territories to Cavour: this compromise established the difference between Garibaldi and Mazzini, who fought until his death for the republic). Italy was unified after a war lasted 1859-61. NATIONAL UNIFICATION PROGRESS- GERMANY Germany was fragmented in kingdoms, duchies and small principalities, in fact the leading power was at the beginning Austria (the North-Western part of the multinational Habsburg Empire), which at that time was also the president go the German Confederation, built up in 1815 but present since the end of the Holy Roman Empire (all the German states were under an Habsburg king, even though the real power belonged to the princes). The main dualism was between the two leading states: Austria, the biggest one, and Prussia, that had an origina BFbleraWiE i Getmenehess] since originally it was located in the East (now Poland), but when Federich Il became king (18th century) he created a , becoming a more important competitor of Austria. In fact Prussia began more and more contesting about the “untold” leadership of Austria in Germany, which led to the . Different! from Italy, in Germany there wasn't any foreign occupation, but there was a defining boundaries, which led to contrasts with populations around them (Poland, France, Denmark, Bohemia, ltaly..). During 1848-49 revolutions, the national unification process was claimed linked to a liberal constitution, but then , and offered the crown of Germany to Prussia, since at the beginning of the revolutions the Prussian king proclaimed himself favorable to their ideas, while the Austrian king refused completely any kind of collaboration with the revolutionaries. But when Robert Blum, who is considered the German Mazzini, offered the throne of the German Empire to the king under an advanced constitution (autonomous Parliament and almost independent figure of the head of government from the emperor), he refused and crushed the revolutionaries (massacre in Berlin -> WiglentTendiofthis process). In the assembly of 1848 there was the young conservative deputee Bismarck, who was horrified by what happened in 1848 revolution, in fact in the beginning he feared a German