Educazione civica inglese, From Oral Tales to Digital Updates, Unraveling the Tapestry of, Appunti di Inglese

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EDUCAZIONE CIVICA INGLESE Pag. 196 — 197,156 — 157 ("Gateway to Success”) = The Algorithm "Evolution of News Distribution: From Oral Reports to Printed Periodicals" "The Birth of Newspapers: From Handwritten Gazettes to Mass Production" "The Impact of Technology: From Printing Press to 24-Hour TV News" "Role of Censorship: From Licensing Acts to the Free Press Tradition" "Changing Media Landscape: Rise of Television and the Internet" "Penny Press Revolution: Making News Accessible to Everyone" "Newspapers in the 20th Century: Color, Comics, and Competition" "The Digital Age: Newspapers in the Era of Computers and the Internet" "Continuity and Change: Traditional vs. Digital Newspapers Today" "Creating Your Own Newspaper: Technology's Role in Modern News Consumption" TESS EDUCAZIONE CIVICA INGLESE 1 II Initially news was spread orally, then they were spread through the printed word. The pamphletwas written to criticize something or someone. What is meant by free profession? “Free” meant that journalists could earn their living by writing on journals. At the beginning, the first forms of periodicals dealt almost exclusively with political fight then, little by little, their target was different because they also aimed ata social moralization. Parallel to this, also the pieces of news contained within each single periodical slightly changed. “The spectator”(by Joseph Addison) somebody who criticize from the outside, without taking part of it. 1) Journals are born as bulleting 2) Periodicals: writers start writing about general fashion topics rr THE ALGORITHMS DI The posts we see when we are scrolling through social media are controlled by the algorithms of the platforms we have been using. An algorithm is a type of calculation that allows a computer program to extract the data that emerges from our Internet behaviour. These systems record everything we see and do online. They then select and prioritise the content that we are presented with. So we can end up only seeing a very small, specific view of the world on our feeds, which is called a filter bubble. —.__e_« occoqa-:Iil-c-——<2@"»"gome When did the news become integral to our lives? And why do we even follow it? One thing is certain: we live in a culture in which the news has become almost impossible to ignore. In his book, Mitchell Stephens defines news as ‘new information about a subject of some public interest that is shared with some portion of the public”. He also provides a useful chronology of how the news came to be. — Since humans have existed, they have wanted to share their news — Eventually, oral reports evolved into written ones; Julius Caesar ordered the daily records of Senate proceedings to be posted in public. Some upper class Romans even got their own hand-written copies to read at home. However, it was the Chinese Han dynasty, and not the Romans, who according to legend invented — In The Creation of the Media, Paul Starr argues that laws promoting the free exchange of ideas have been integral to the development of the American news industry. For example, the Constitution protected rights to free expression and the Bill of Rights mostly denied the federal government the authority to regulate the press. — Around the same time, the US Postal Service, a centralized government agency, had the potential to provide the government a means of censoring the news, but largely didn't. It guaranteed postal privacy and subsidized the growth of independent newspapers by providing lower postal rates for their distribution. — This also coincided with the development of new technologies that made news distribution faster. In 1810, a German printer named Friedrich Koenig started working on a printing press that was connected to a steam engine. A year later, he and a German engineer named Andreas Bauer, designed a model that could make 1,100 impressions an hour. — In 1843, American Richard Hoe created his rotary printing press, which could print millions of copies of a page in a day. And in the 1880s, German American immigrant Ottmar Mergenthaler, invented a machine that enabled a writer to type words on a keyboard that would be immediately set inmolten metal. And in the 1880s photographs began to appear in newspapers. And a picture's worth a thousand words. > Much as ways of printing the news were evolving, so were methods of getting those inside scoops out to eager readers. After Samuel Morse’s public demonstration of the telegraph in 1844, newspapers began sending correspondents into the field. Soon it became clear that good reporting was not merely observation. — Reportage required trained journalists, who used what came to be known as the journalistic method, which Stephens defines as, “...the pursuit of ndependently verifiable facts about current events through enterprise, observation and investigation.” — By the start of the 20th century, new advancements in radio technology revolutionized the way that Americans received news. The first American radio news program was broadcast on August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit. Starr claims: “Relative to the press in the United States, American broadcasting was more centralized, more subject to government control, less diverse, and less open to ideological contention." The federal government had actually been regulating the airwaves since 1912, when the Radio Act gave the Department of Commerce the power to license radio transmitters. —> As more American radio stations emerged, disputes arose over the right to control various frequencies. But the transition from printed newspapers to 24 hour TV news went through a few evolutions in medium along the way. As an increasing number of Americans relied on radio news (particularly during the Great Depression), radio journalists adopted a new style to hold the attention of a listening audience. — They kept the detached perspective of print journalists, but simplified their sentence structure and choices of words. This style carried over into another revolutionary medium: the newsreel. This was a short documentary film that contained news stories and was presented at cinemas between the 1910s to the 19608. —> Newsreels adapted the detached perspective (and simplified language) of radio journalists. However, the new medium had a powerful advantage - it could use moving images not only to tell a story, but also to entertain theatre-goers. This early combination of information and entertainment is familiar to those who watch television news today. —> In 1940, the first regularly-scheduled television news broadcast was basically a simulcast of a radio show: Lowell Tnhomas’s news cast for NBC. A year later, CBS offeredtwo daily news programs on weekdays, all anchored by Richard Hubbell. Over time, television news relied on images more heavily to give viewers the sense that they, too, were witnessing history as it unfolded. — For decades, a few networks held the monopoly on both morning and evening news. But in 1980, Ted Turner launched the first 24-hour news operation, CNN, followed in the 1990s by competitors like Fox News, MSNBC, Al-Jazeera, and this kinda new thing called home internet access and personal computers. With the explosion of the internet, many people now have unprecedented access to live news-either on their own devices or on public computers. — And with this access, many people have become less reliant on professional journalism. We have more ways to participate in a story, rather than just to watch it happen. We can voice our opinion, donate to causes, reach out to someone who has been directly affected. Furthermore, we can also broadcast our own versions of personal “news" that are often kind of trivial like witnessing our special lunches or beholding our glorious offspring, or we can upload eye-witness accounts of large-scale events (think of videos from rallies or big gatherings). — People who aren't trained journalists actually produce a larger portion of the “news” than ever before. So what does it mean to participate in the news cycle like this? Have we become more connected and more useful members of our society? Or might our non-stop exposure to news events cause “compassion fatigue” or indifference to the suffering of others? Worse yet, might we turn to the news asa form of entertainment-if viewing the misfortunes of others simply reminds us that we are not, in fact, suffering in quite the same way? These are knotty questions that tie, very closely into our understanding of what it means to be human and to what it means to be a member of an increasingly interconnected global culture. _rr.WltWl \/|DE O 2 I What was there before newspapers? > Word of mouth was the primary source of spreading the news. Humans exchanged news long before they could write. — Merchants, sailors and travelers brought the news to the continent, then peddlers and traveling players picked them up and spread them from town to town, criers walked through villages: announcing births, deaths, marriages and divorces. But how did the history of newspapers begin? —> Among the first ones who found a written way to distribute the news were the ancient romans. Acta diorna or the daily doings were created by the government and contained information for the public such as: chronicles of events, births, deaths and daily gossip. — These daily doings are considered to be one of the first precursors to the modern newspaper. —> 1440 was an important year for the publishing world. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and the history of newspapers was influenced significantly. The printing press allowed for the high quality reproduction of printed materials at a rate of nearly four thousand pages per day. — In other words one thousand times more than can be done by a scribe by hand. The appearance of the printing press also brought the appearance ofthe first newspaper. Yes, you've heard me right, the very first newspaper that has ever been published. When? 1609 Where? In Germany. By whom? Johann Carlos. What was its name? — News spread out faster than expected in a short period of time. AII of Europe was populated with newspapers and they even made their way to the new world America. On september 25th in 1690, in Boston, Benjamin Harris published Public occurrences, both foreign and domestic, the first american newspaper. Everyone thought that they had the liberty to write the news freely and truthfully. — Unfortunately, that was not the case. A concept like freedom of press was soon introduced in 1791.You've probably heard about this: The first Amendmentin the bill of rights guaranteed the liberty of expressing yourself in the US.