Elaborato di maturità, crisi delle certezze, Tesine di Maturità di Inglese

Scarica Elaborato di maturità, crisi delle certezze e più Tesine di Maturità in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! ESAMI DI STATO 2020-21 LICEO SCIENTIFICO E LINGUISTICO STATALE “O. TEDONE” ELABORATO DISCIPLINA CARATTERIZZANTE - LA CRISI DELLE CERTEZZE Maila Massari classe 5" sezione F We often ask ourselves questions that are intricate to answer. Those questions seem so vital and urgent to us, because we tend to look for situations that offer certainties and stability. Unfortunately we never find certain answers, because some queries are metaphysical or transcendent, such as the ones about God or our soul, therefore there are no rational or objective answers. The 19th and the 20th century have been the centuries of the collapse of certainties, of the depletion of any positivistic remainders and all the traditional values are questioned: no one believes anymore in a necessary world or in the existence of an absolute truth. Nietzsche’s philosophy of the morning represents the rebirth, the conscience that everything passes in life and that the past values are not taken into account anymore. This philosophy is expressed through God's death, which is the peak where all the beliefs crush. In Nietzsche's point of view, God has always been a refuge and a fulfillment for the spirit of a man, he has been the emblem on which man has built his existence; but, for Nietzsche, God is the biggest lie of all, together with metaphysics. Humanity created God just for survival instinct: man knew that living in the chaos would have created just problems, therefore he thought it would have been simpler if he made up deities that could reestablish order and give certitudes. Instead, Nietzsche has a nihilistic perspective and he says that God has been killed by the conscience of the truth. God's death also coincides with the act of birth of the superman: a man can become superman only after being passed on the corpse of all deities. In the last part of his speculation, Nietzsche sets out to permanently destroy the leading beliefs to make way to a brand new idea, aimed towards the creation of the superman: so he propose the transvaluation of all values, that is to say, a new way of confronting values, interpreting them as human values, not divine. And to confirm Nietzsche’s nihilistic idea of the world's lack of order, there's the First World War and its consequences. This war broke out in 1914 after the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. In this conflict the Allied Powers, whose members were France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan and the USA, confronted the Central Powers of Germany, Austro-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. It was called “great” because of the enormous devastation it brought, in fact as a result of the new technologies and atrocity of trench warfare, World War 1 saw abnormal levels of slaughter and destruction. By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers declared their victory, more than 16 million people, soldiers and civilians alike, lost their lives. This war had left significant traumas to the survivors and between them there was Thomas Stearns Eliot, an american poet who traveled to Europe to study philosophy and literature. During the years of the war Eliot was fighting with some problems in his life that led him to a nervous breakdown in 1921 and, for this reason, he went for rest to a sanatorium in Lausanne, where he finished the first draft of “The Waste Land”, perhaps the most important poem of the 20th century. “The Waste Land” can be interpreted as a poem about the loss of faith in the modern world and the war played a major role in this social, emotional, psychological collapse. This work represents the peak of the first phase in Eliot’s career, that can be called nihilistic, in fact the poet can’t see positively the world that surrounds him, he can see only ashes and desolation. Almost all the characters in this work lead frustrating lives and their relationships lack in closeness and spiritual significance. One of the themes is the fragmentation and the decay expressed through the use of the free verse, especially in the section “What the Thunder Said”, and its references to “broken images” that show the fragmented nature of the world; then there is the theme of relationships, seen in “A Game of Chess” and “The Fire Sermon”; and lastly it is present the theme of the war in “A Game of Chess”, where the poet mentions an archduke, which could be a reference to Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It is evident that the symbols in Eliot's work have a strong value and the same value is given to Baudelaire’s and their consequent evolution. Eliot and Baudelaire want to reach the deepest secret of things, but Eliot does it through the objective correlative and Baudelaire through the symbols. Baudelaire's most important work is “The Flowers of Evil” a revelation of hopes, aspirations, failures and sins. Baudelaire, in opposition to traditional poetry that expressed emotions through the natural beauty of the world, thought that modern poetry should evoke the artificial and paradoxical features of life. As a result there is a clear contrast between two worlds, “spleen”, that represents everything that is wrong with the world: death,