English and popular music- music and industry, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Lingua Inglese

Scarica English and popular music- music and industry e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! CHAPTER 1: THE BEGINNINGS From Tin Pan Alley to the Brill Building: There are 2 definitions of “pop music” 1. Cambridge English Dictionary: “the kind of music with words and a strong rhythm that many young people enjoy listening and dancing to” 2. J. A. Kotarba’s book (Understanding society through popular music’s book): “pop music refers to all styles of music that are mass produced, mass marketed and in general treated economically as a commodity” The music industry, which is behind popular music, depends of technology. In fact to be listened to, today music needs physical devices such as mobile phones, headphones ect. In 1877 Thomas A. Edison realised the first machine that could both record and reproduce sounds: the phonograph but it would need a few decades before that this became a society’s product. In the 19th century people met in places where they could listen and dance to music, especially in Europe (Britain, France, Germany) where musicians performed live music in popular locations such as dance halls, bear halls and theatres. In the USA, instead, were performed minstrel shows and vaudevilles. Minstreal shows were a form of racist entertainment constisting of comic acts, dancing and music performances where where people used to put black paint on their faces. Vaudevilles were separated acts grouped together that includes acrobats, clowns, films, singers etc. The beginning of music industry in the USA was thanks to the printing press. Before devices, music circulated by performing musicians, was printed in music sheets and marketed by publishers thanks to promotional campaigns. The name given to the music publishing business was “Tin Pan Alley”. It is a metaphorical reference to the noise made by musicians – “song pluggers” – who performed the music written by “tunesmiths” who created the tunes who would be printed on music sheets. The noise was described by a newspaper as the banging of tin pans and for this the location was named “Tin Pan Alley”. Originally Tin Pan Alley was in Manhattan, where fledgling popular music publishers had offices but existed just for 16th years until the creation of Bill Building on Broadway in 1919. The swing era: Thanks to technical devices such as gramophones and the magnetic tipe was possible to listen to music without a live performance and thanks to this the modern music industry was born. A great input to the development of music industry came also from the US Copyright, the Act Copyright laws in 1909. With the Copyright popular songs became make-table commodities. In the 1920s the AM radio broadcasting was born. Instead, the FM radio broadcasting was born in the late 1930s. Radio was the most significant 20th-century mass medium which transformed the use of domestic space, the public/private dimensions and entertainment. From 1930s recorded music replaced sheet music as the principal product of music industry. In America Brill Building Music continued to publish music thanks to record labels, radio stations and television networks. In 1920s and 1930s new music genres appeared. The most popular music in the USA in 1920s was swing music which mixed together jazz, blues, ragtime and dance orchestras. In the 1920s big bands characterized the swing era. The dance music of swing bands made possible to “sell” jazz to a mass audience during the 1930s and 1940s. The swing era was also important thanks to special singers such as Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald. CHAPTER 2: THE 1950S Rock n Roll:‘ Was born in the USA during the period between 1940s – 50s from African-American music such as jazz, boogie-woogie, gospel and country music. Thanks to the spread of TV broadcasting during the 1950s Rock ‘n Roll has seen its success as a new music genre. This new type of music was used for the first time as the soundtrack for a film: Blackboard Jungle, the first film to thematize the role of young people as a segment of society where Elvis Presley and Bill Haley were the singers. There are two nicknames important in the history of Rock ‘n Roll: “the father of R&R” and “the King of R&R”. These 2 important people are Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley. Chuck Berry: songwriter, singer, guitarist made the R&R distinctive thanks to his song “Johnny B. Goode” that was “the first rock-star origin story” talking about a country boy from New Orleans who plays a guitar “just like ringing a bell” and who might one day become famous. Born in Tupelo, Mississippi, in 1935, Elvis Aaron Presley, singer and actor, was one of the most significant icons of the 20th century. His music was a fusion of country music and rhythm and blues. The 1956 was a very important year for Elvis Presley. The Letters of the alphabet don’t represent sounds. In many languages combinations of letter can be pronounced in different ways and formed different sounds. To represent sounds we can use specific symbols. Furthermore, for the English language the combination of letters corresponds to specific movement of tongue or lips. For example the sound “th” to say “things”, “that”, “the”. Sometimes there are also words with similar pronunciation that means completely different things. “Draught” - draft – unpleasantly cold air blowing through a room “Drought” - drouft – a long period when there is no rain Standand pronunciation is more an ideal model which exists in dictionaries more than everyday life. It is more a reference point. ——————————————————————————————————————————— Disco music: Emerged during the 1970s from the US urban nightlife, disco music is a genre of dance music and a subculture intersected with the gay liberation, the feminist movement and the counter-cultural revolt against 1950s conformism. Sexual and racial identities were mixed together in disco where also norms could be challenged. Social dances that preceded disco were based on couples performing structured movements, disco music instead saw the emergence of single dancers developing freeform and sexually movements. Disco music began as a selection of R&B, soul, funk, gospel, salsa and danceable rock. The figure of DJ displaced the conventional performing artista at center stage. The black female diva became the key-figure of the disco. “I will survive” of Glora Gaynor has been an anthem by different groups of people and a very disco music icon. Disco culture met several changes in the late 1970s with the opening of elite mega- discoteques such as Studio 54 in New York where the principal activity was watching people dance. In this regard the film “Saturday night fever” exemplifies the reappropriation of the dance floor by the straight dancing couple. Chapter 4: The 1980s and 1990s Until the ‘70s the entertainment industry was characterized by life performances. During the ’79 instead the BBC realized the video “ Video killed the radio star” as a strategic branding for The Buggles single. In 1981 the music video was launched in MTV, that was the first channel that air music videos and related programming. The lyric of their song are inspire by “The sound Sweep”, it talks about a world where audible music is replace by the development that technology brings. This music video became the main promotional tool in the music industry, after all it introduce the postmodern pop culture to teenagers and college aged students. It does promote a new lifestyle. In this époque there was a major development in music technology. The ‘60s were marked by a single record, while the ‘70s saw the greater importance of the long playing. The cassette allowed the duplication of records. Walkman was the most popular brand of portable cassette player. During the ’70s the boombox was introduce in the market and while the passing of the time it become way more heavy. Some of them used to be called “ ghetto blasters”- fun fact, sometimes they reach the size of a suitcase. Because of the large popularity that they have in the African American and hispanic communities it became parallel with American hip hop culture and rap music. Rap= is an artistic form of vocal delivery and emotive expression that incorporates rhyme, rhythmic speech, and street vernacular. It is usually performed over a backing beat or musical accompaniment. “ Rap is something you do, hip hop is something you live ” - KRS-One. Hip hop was used to protest the impact of legal institution on minorities, as police and prisons. In the early ‘90s with the commercial success of gangsta rap the emphasis of lyrics change to drugs, violence and misogyny. They capitalizes their success by marketing to white males. Michael Jackson: Michale Jackson became the person with the most copies of his record sold worldwide with over 3 hundred million copies sold. “Thriller” is the most best-selling album of all time with sales of 65 million copies around the globe. Many says that he choose to transform the medium of music videos to create pure art. He was best knows for his dancing style such as robot and the moonwalk. In 1993 he was accused go child sexual abuse and because of that in 2005 he went to tried. He passed away in 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. His funeral services was viewed around the world as everyone was triggered because of his passing. His music style went from R&B, pop and soul. His greatest inspiration was James Brown for dancing and to Diana Ross’s vocalism who his considers as a mother figure. Vincent Price: Was an American actor, he is well known for his distinctive voice and performances. Mostly worked in dramas, film noir, mystery, comedy and thrillers but he was recognized mostly for horror films. He appeared on stage, television, radio and over one hundred films. ( Example= the narration of Thriller by Michael Jackson ). ——————————————————————————————————————————— Content= is the main meaning of a sentence. ( moonlight, heart, scream, sun ). Function words= do not have a meaning by themselves, use to express grammatical relations ( the, of, and or it ). Nouns= are people and things that do things. Adverb= a word that modifies (describes) a verb Conjunction= a word used to connect sentences Pronoun= is a word that stands in for a noun, often to avoid the need to repeat the same noun over and over. Preposition= the words that help glue a sentence together. Morpheme="base," or "root" is a morpheme in a word that gives the word its principle meaning. Common prefixes- ( un, dis, pre, re, under ). Suffixes= letters added to the end of a base word to change its conjugation, word type, or other grammar properties like plurality. Articles= words that identify a noun as being specific or unspecific. ( Examples: After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good. By using the article the, we've shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good. ) ——————————————————————————————————————————— Chapter 5: The 2000s and 2010s During this period the net was used mostly for reading and text. Audio and videos files were sometimes available for download from websites and computer servers but because of restrictions and the length of downloading the use was accessory. In the latest years of the millenium some important technological innovations affected the music industry such as the transition from web 1.0 to web 2.0 allowing users to interact with dynamic pages. In 2001 was released the iPod with authorized the flexibility of very large collections of songs without the need of a physical support. ( Ne parla nella reading di “music and social media” Napster, MySpace, Facebook, Youtube, Spotify ). ——————————————————————————————————————————— Text and phrases= they are made up of paragraphs, each of which begins on anew line. Paragraphs= a distinct section of a piece of writing, usually dealing with a single theme and indicated by a new line, indentation, or numbering. Phrases= a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause. Words= can be classified into categories such as nous, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, adverb and conjunctions depending in the part of the speech or word class they belong to. the basic meaningful unit of a language. ——————————————————————————————————————————— They are five types of phrases: - The noun phrase = a word or group of words containing a noun and functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. Is also called the Head of the noun phrase. ( Example= The president, the former president ). - The verb phrase = consists of a main verb alone, or a main verb plus any modal and/or auxiliary verbs. The main verb always comes last in the verb phrase.