Grammatica di lingua inglese L-18 Mercatorum, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

Scarica Grammatica di lingua inglese L-18 Mercatorum e più Appunti in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! Grammatica di lingua inglese Il verbo essere (to be) in inglese è un verbo molto importante e versatile, che ha numerosi usi particolari: 1. Identità e attribuzione: il verbo essere viene usato per indicare l'identità e l'attribuzione delle caratteristiche delle persone, cose o animali. Ad esempio: I am a teacher. (Sono un insegnante); The car is red. (La macchina è rossa). 2. Stato di salute e condizione: il verbo essere può essere usato per indicare lo stato di salute o la condizione di qualcuno o qualcosa. Ad esempio: I am feeling well today. (Oggi mi sento bene); The weather is cold. (Fa freddo). 3. Tempo e condizioni meteorologiche: il verbo essere viene utilizzato per descrivere le condizioni climatiche e meteorologiche del momento. Ad esempio: It is raining. (sta piovendo); Today is Monday. (Oggi è lunedì). 4. Localizzazione: il verbo essere viene utilizzato per indicare la localizzazione di una persona, cosa o animale. Ad esempio: The book is on the table. (Il libro è sulla tavola); My brother is in Paris. (Mio fratello è a Parigi). 5. Possesso: il verbo essere può essere usato per esprimere il possesso di qualcosa da parte di qualcuno. Ad esempio: The car is mine. (La macchina è mia). 6. Descrizione temporanea: il verbo essere può essere usato per descrivere temporaneamente una persona, cosa o situazione, in contrasto con le caratteristiche permanenti. Ad esempio: He is being silly today. (Oggi è parecchio tonto). 7. Aiuto: il verbo essere può essere usato come supporto in frasi affermative con i verbi modali, in modo simile all'italiano "ci vuole". Ad esempio: She can't open the jar. Can you be of any help? (Non riesce ad aprire il barattolo. Puoi essere d'aiuto?) 8. In lingua scritta: il verbo essere può essere utilizzato come una "voce passiva" nella lingua scritta formale e nelle descrizioni accademiche. Ad esempio: The document was approved by the committee. (Il documento fu approvato dal comitato). Il verbo TO HAVE (avere) è un verbo ausiliare che viene utilizzato per formare il tempo presente perfetto, il tempo passato perfetto e il futuro perfetto, ma può essere utilizzato anche come verbo principale nel significato di "possedere" o "avere". Esempi: - I have a new car. (Ho una nuova macchina) - She had a headache yesterday. (Ayer tenía un dolor de cabeza) - They will have finished the project by next week. (Termineranno il progetto entro la prossima settimana) I sostantivi sono parole che indicano persone, animali, cose, idee o concetti. Possono essere utilizzati come soggetto del verbo, oggetto diretto o indiretto e complemento di specificazione. Esempi: - The dog is barking. (Il cane sta abbaiando) - I bought a book yesterday. (Ho comprato un libro ieri) - The concert was amazing. (Il concerto è stato incredibile) Gli aggettivi, come il nome suggerisce, sono parole utilizzate per descrivere o qualificare sostantivi o pronomi. Possono indicare le caratteristiche fisiche, mentali, emotive o appartenenze. Esempi: - The red car is mine. (La macchina rossa è mia) - She is a clever student. (È un'abile studentessa) - He is very happy today. (È molto felice oggi) I pronomi, invece, sono parole utilizzate invece dei sostantivi per evitare ripetizioni o per enfatizzare l'azione o la persona. Possono essere soggetto o oggetto. Esempi: - I gave her the book. She was very happy. (Le ho dato il libro, lei era molto felice) Example: I need to take off my coat, it's too warm in here. 8. Bring up: to raise or mention a topic Example: I don't want to bring up the subject of finances, but we need to discuss it. 9. Turn up: to appear or arrive unexpectedly Example: I didn't expect him to turn up at the party. 10. Look after: to take care of or attend to someone or something Example: She's looking after her sick mother this week. Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb used to express meaning like ability, possibility, permission, obligation, and advice. They play an important role in expressing the nuances of meaning in a sentence. Some common modal verbs include: 1. Can: used to express ability or possibility "I can speak English." 2. Could: used to express past ability or possibility "I could speak English when I was young." 3. May: used to express possibility or permission "You may leave now." 4. Might: used to express past or present possibility "He might come to the party." 5. Must: used to express obligation or necessity "You must do your homework." 6. Should: used to express advice or suggestion "You should exercise regularly." 7. Would: used to express past habits or polite requests "He would always go for a walk in the morning.". Modal verbs are always followed by the base form of the main verb and cannot be used alone as the main verb in a sentence. La lettura di un testo e sulle question tags. Per quanto riguarda la lettura di un testo, ci sono alcune strategie che puoi adottare per comprendere meglio il contenuto. Ad esempio: - Prendi nota dei punti chiave del testo: sottolinea le frasi importanti, evidenzia le parole chiave e riassumi il testo in poche parole. - Leggi attentamente: leggi tutto il testo senza saltare parti o parole per evitare di perderti informazioni importanti. - Fai domande: poniti delle domande sul testo, come ad esempio "Qual è lo scopo di questo testo?" o "Quale è il problema principale?". - Rileggi il testo: se hai difficoltà a capire una parte, rileggila per cercare di capire meglio. - Controlla il vocabolario: se ci sono parole che non conosci o non capisci, cerca il significato nel dizionario. Per quanto riguarda le question tags, sono delle brevi domande poste alla fine di una frase affermativa per chiedere conferma o confermare ciò che è stato detto. Ad esempio: "Hai visto quel film, no?", dove "no" è la question tag. Le question tags si costruiscono con l'ausiliare della frase affermativa e la negazione o l'affermazione complementare alla risposta che ci si aspetta. Ad esempio: "Non sei andato alla festa, vero?" o "Sei venuto a prendermi, giusto?". PRESENT PERFECT: - I have visited France before. - She has studied Spanish for five years. - They have lived in New York since 2010. FIRST CONDITIONAL: - If it rains, we will stay inside. - I will go to the beach if the weather is nice. - Unless you hurry, you will miss the train. SECOND CONDITIONAL: - If I had more money, I would travel the world. - I wouldn't eat unhealthy food if I were you. - If you didn't wake up on time, you would be late for work. COMPARATIVI: - My car is faster than yours. - This book is longer than that one. - John is taller than Mike but shorter than Bob. SUPERLATIVI: - This is the cheapest hotel in town. - Susan is the tallest person in her class. - The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest. Infinitives and gerunds are two types of verbal phrases in English. They are formed from verbs but function as different parts of speech within sentences. An infinitive is formed by adding "to" before the base form of a verb, such as "to run" or "to study." Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs within a sentence. For example: - To swim in the ocean is my favorite activity. (noun) - I have a lot of work to do. (adjective) - He left early to avoid traffic. (adverb) Gerunds are formed by adding "-ing" to the base form of a verb, such as "running" or "studying." Gerunds function as nouns within a sentence, often serving as the subject or object of a verb. For example: - Running is good exercise. (subject) - I enjoy studying history. (object) However, gerunds can also function as adjectives or adverbs within a sentence, modifying nouns or verbs. For example: - The running shoes are on sale. (adjective) - She started singing when the music began. (adverb) In general, infinitives are used for more abstract actions or ideas, while gerunds are used for more concrete actions or things. However, there are many exceptions and variations to these general rules, so it is important to study and practice their usage in context. When writing titles and verbs, it is important to use proper grammar and punctuation. Here are a few guidelines to help you: 1. Capitalize the First Letter of Each Word in Titles: This includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Do not capitalize articles, prepositions, or conjunctions unless they are the first or last word of the title. Example: The Great Gatsby, To Kill a Mockingbird 2. Use Proper Verb Tenses: Use the present tense to describe things that are currently happening or true, the past tense for things that have already happened, and the future tense for things that will happen. Example: She is reading a book (present tense), He studied for the exam (past tense), They will go to the park tomorrow (future tense) 3. Use Active Voice: In most cases, the active voice is more concise and direct than the passive voice. essere usati in diverse forme verbali, come il presente, il passato, il futuro, il presente continuo e così via, a seconda del tempo dell'esperienza. Ad esempio: - I see a beautiful sunset. (vedo un bellissimo tramonto) - Yesterday, I heard a strange noise in my room. (ieri ho sentito un rumore strano nella mia stanza) - She feels tired after a long day at work. (si sente stanca dopo una lunga giornata di lavoro) - They are observing the birds in the park. (stanno osservando gli uccelli nel parco) "some" e "any" sono due parole che vengono utilizzate per descrivere quantità indeterminate di una sostanza o di un oggetto. "some" viene usato per descrivere una quantità positiva, mentre "any" viene utilizzato per indicare una quantità negativa o interrogativa. Ad esempio: - Could you give me some water, please? (Puoi darmi dell'acqua, per favore?) - I don't have any money left. (Non ho più soldi) - Do you have any questions for me? (Hai delle domande per me?) Infine, la durata dell'utilizzo di queste parole dipende dal contesto della frase. La durata può essere breve o lunga, a seconda del tempo che viene descritto nella frase. Ad esempio: - I saw him yesterday. (l'ho visto ieri) - She has been feeling tired for weeks. (si sente stanca da settimane) - We will observe the stars for hours. (osserveremo le stelle per ore) Future As an AI language model, I am not capable of knowing what the future holds. However, I can offer some information about using the future tense in English. 1. The Simple Future Tense: This tense is used to indicate an action or event that will happen in the future, usually preceded by "will" or "shall." For example, "I will go to the gym tomorrow." 2. The Future Continuous Tense: This tense is used to indicate a continuous action or event that will be happening at some point in the future, usually preceded by "will be" or "shall be." For example, "She will be studying for her exams this weekend." 3. The Future Perfect Tense: This tense is used to indicate an action which will have been completed by a certain time in the future, usually preceded by "will have" or "shall have." For example, "By the time she gets back from her trip, he will have finished all his work." 4. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense: This tense is used to indicate a continuous action or event which will have been happening for a certain period of time by a certain time in the future, usually preceded by "will have been." For example, "By the time the project is finished, we will have been working on it for six months." Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns. They provide additional information about the subject of a sentence, such as its size, shape, color, or quantity. Adjectives can be used to make writing more interesting and descriptive by adding vivid details and sensory imagery. Here are some examples of adjectives: - The beautiful flowers were in full bloom. - The small puppy wagged its tail eagerly. - The strong athlete lifted the heavy weights. - The tasty pizza was topped with fresh vegetables and melted cheese. - The curious child asked many questions. Adjectives can also be used in comparative and superlative forms to compare the degree or quality of the subject. Comparative adjectives are used to compare two things, while superlative adjectives are used to compare three or more things. Here are some examples: - The red car is faster than the blue car. (comparative) - The green apple is the sweetest of all. (superlative) - The tall building is taller than the short building. (comparative) - The delicious cake was the most popular dessert at the party. (superlative) Pronouns are words used in place of nouns. They help to avoid repetition and make sentences less cumbersome. Pronouns can refer to people, animals, things, or ideas. The most common pronouns are personal pronouns, which include subjective pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they), objective pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them), and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs). Pronouns can also be reflexive (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves) or demonstrative (this, that, these, those). It is important to use pronouns correctly to avoid confusion in writing and speaking. An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It is used to give more information about how, when, where, or to what extent something is happening. Here are some examples: 1. How: She sang beautifully. The adverb "beautifully" describes how she sang. 2. When: He will arrive soon. The adverb "soon" tells us when he will arrive. 3. Where: They were working outside. The adverb "outside" tells us where they were working. 4. To what extent: The food was extremely spicy. The adverb "extremely" tells us to what extent the food was spicy. Adverbs can be placed before or after the verb they describe or modify. For example: - She quickly ran to the store. - He spoke softly to the children. - They danced all night long. Adverbs can also be used to compare actions or qualities: - She sings better than he does. - He works more efficiently than she does. Some common adverbs include: quickly, slowly, loudly, softly, always, never, here, there, soon, yesterday, today, tomorrow, well, badly, and many others. Adverbs can make your writing more descriptive and interesting, so it's important to use them effectively. Comparative and superlative forms are used to compare two or more things and indicate their degree of difference. Comparative forms are used when comparing two things, while superlative forms are used when comparing three or more things. To form the comparative form of most adjectives and adverbs, we add -er at the end of a one-syllable word or use the word more before a longer word. For example: - Fast (one-syllable word) -> Faster (comparative form) - Interesting (longer word) -> More interesting (comparative form) To form the superlative form of most adjectives and adverbs, we add -est at the end of a one-syllable word or use the word most before a longer word. For example: - Fastest (superlative form of fast) - Most interesting (superlative form of interesting)