Grammatica inglese B1, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

Scarica Grammatica inglese B1 e più Appunti in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS Il present simple è costituito dalla forma base del verbo (cioè la prima flessione del paradigma senza il to) e aggiungendo una “-s” alla terza persona singolare. Esso si usa per indicare un’azione/stato più o meno permanente (“I work as dentist”) o abituale (“she goes to the gym three times a week”) o generale (“The sun rises in the east”) al presente. Il present continuous si forma con il presente del verbo to be più il gerundio (cioè la forma base più il suffisso “-ing”). Esso si usa per descrivere qualcosa che accade nel momento in cui si parla (“I am listening to the radio right now”) oppure, per estensione, un’azione temporanea in un tempo non specificato (“Tom is writing a book”; “She is working on a project”) ACTION OR NON-ACTION VERBS An action verb is used to describe an action that is performed, something that we DO. Action verbs can be used in simple, perfect and progressive (continuous) tenses. Most of the verbs we use are action verbs. For example: Action verbs: Read, Write, Talk, Work, Make, Do, Listen, Drive Non-action verbs are used to describe states, senses, desires, possession, emotions and opinion. Non-action verbs are not usually used in a continuous form. For example: Non-action verbs: Like, Hate, Prefer, Believe, Belong, Seem, Own, Feel. Non-Action Verbs, for example those listed above, are not normally used in a continuous form. Look at these examples: • ‘I am liking this pizza’ (not possible) ‘To like’ is a state verb, not an action verb. It is not something that we do, and so it cannot be continuous. You like (or you don’t like) something. “I like this pizza” is correct. • ‘I am not believing you’ (not possible) ‘To believe’ is a state verb, not an action verb and it cannot be used in a continuous form. You believe (or you don’t believe) somebody or something. “I don’t believe you” is correct. Some verbs can be used as action or non-action verbs, depending on their meaning. For example: To Think ‘To think’ can mean ‘to believe’ or ‘to have an opinion’. In this sense it is a non-action verb. • I think he is American…. >> Not: I am thinking he is American. What do you think about my plan?… >> Not: What are you thinking about my plan? However, ‘to think’ can also mean ‘to consider’ and this is an action you perform. In this sense, ‘to think’ is an action verb. • I’m thinking about buying a new car. >> This means ‘I am considering buying a new car’ and is correct. To Have We often use ‘To have’ to talk about possession, and in this form it is a non-action verb. In this form, we can often use the verb ‘to possess’ instead of ‘to have’. • Marco has a Mercedes…or: Marco possesses a Mercedes >> Not: Marco is having a Mercedes. Paola and Marco have a dog (or) Paola and Marco possess a dog >> Not: Paola and Marco are having a dog. However, ‘to have’ can also be used as a general verb (have a shower, have breakfast, have fun) and in this context it is an action verb. • Paola is having a cup of coffee. >> This means ‘Paola is drinking a cup of coffee’ and is correct. FUTURE FORMS Present continuous: Soggetto + verbo essere + verbo -ing form Si usa per parlare di progetti già prestabiliti ex: I’m visiting my cousin at 5 o’ clock Be going to: Si usa per parlare di intenzioni o previsioni sulla base di un elemento della situazione presente Ex: Look at thoose black clouds! It’s going to rain! Will: Si usa con decisioni prese al momento, senza averci pensato prima, oppure con previsioni incerte di cui ancora non conosciamo l’esito esatto. Ex: I think i will be a doctor PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST: In generale il Simple Past è usato per descrivere un evento o un’azione che ha avuto inizio nel passato, si è conclusa nel passato,ed è avvenuta in uno specifico arco temporale. • You came to work late last week. • I walked to school when I was younger. • Did she see the movie with George? (Sebbene non sappiamo esa�amente il momento specifico in cui la ragazza ha visto il film, è ovvio che sia successo mentre George stava guardando il film e quindi possiamo dedurre che l’azione è terminata) • He studied French in school. (Si può intuire che non è più a scuola) PRESENT PERFECT Il Present Perfect descrive invece even� accadu� in un momento non specificato nel passato e non si sono ancora conclusi, o che comunque avvengono regolarmente. Perciò le occasioni in cui si u�lizza il Present Perfect sono quelle in cui è importante sapere che qualcosa è accaduto, ma non quando è accaduto. • I have walked to school before, but today I rode the bus. (in un certo momento nel passato ho camminato per andare a scuola, ma non è importante sapere quando, e oggi ho preso il bus) • Has Maria seen the movie? (Non vogliamo sapere quando Maria ha visto il film, solo se l’ha visto) • You have come late to work three �mes already. (Non sappiamo specificamente quando eri in ritardo. Il fa�o importante è che eri in ritardo spesso nell’ul�mo periodo) Inoltre, il Present Perfect (attenzione non il Present Simple!) è u�lizzato anche per descrivere abitudini ed esperienze che hanno avuto inizio nel passato e con�nuano ancora nel presente. • I have lived in London for 7 months - intendendo: I live in London. • He has known French since he was in school - intendendo: He knows French. • We have been friends since preschool - intendendo: We're (are) friends. • Sarah has played piano for two years - intendendo: Sarah plays piano. Present Perfect Simple Past I have lived in Lyon. I lived in Lyon in 1989. They have eaten Thai food. They ate Thai food last night. Have you seen 'Othello'? Where did you see 'Othello'? We have been to Ireland. When did you go to Ireland? PRESENT PERFECT CON FOR/SINCE For + periodo di tempo for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours I have worked here for five years. Since + momento preciso since this morning, since last week, since yesterday since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock I have worked here since 1990. Present perfect con "FOR" She has lived here for twenty years. We have taught at this school for a long time. Alice has been married forthree months. They have been at the hotel for a week. Present perfect con "SINCE" She has lived here since 1980. We have taught at this school since 1965. Alice has been married since March 2nd. They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.