Scarica Grammatica Inglese per esami e verifiche e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! PRESENT SIMPLE 7 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION rensaliniUse | introduced | did not introduce Did | introduce? You did not You introduced Did you introduce? e To describe general truth. / work in an art gallery. | don't work in an art gallery. Do you work in an art gallery? introduce ® To describe a permanent situation. The sun rises in the east. He introduced He did not Did he introduce? ® To describe an action of frequency in the present. / usually paint every afternoon but | never paint at the weekend. irnduee She introduced She did not Did she introduce? introduce Î Î It introduced It did not introduce Did it introduce? AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION i We did not i i ‘We introduced i Did we introduce? PAST SIMPLE introduce i You did not i i 1 work 1 do not work Do | work? You introduced introduce Did you introduce? ‘They introduced They did not [Did they introduos? You work You do not work Do you work? ‘ey introduced introduce id they Introduce? He works He does not work Does he work? She works She does not work Does she work? Affirmative Form It works It does not work Does it work? Regular Verbs Most verbs add ed: /0ok - looked We work We do not work Do we work? Verbs that end in e, add d: dance - danced You work You do not work Do you work? Verbs that end in y with a consonant before the y, eliminate the y and add -ied: study - studied They work They do not work Do they work? Verbs that end with a consonant + vowel + consonant, double the consonant and add ed: stop - stopped If the last syllable is stressed we double the consonant: Affirmative form: add s to third person singular he/she/it paints prefer - preferred ‘We do not usually double the consonant in the followint Ifthe verb ends in o,ch,s,sh, z add es to third person singular--he/shefit go--goes, situations: when ino verb ends in y or w: show - ‘Sowed play etch--etches, kiss--kisses, brush--brushes, buzz--buzzes “played when the last syllable is not stressed: discover - discovered If the verb ends in y preceded by a consonant you must remove it and add ies listen - listened study he/shefit ---studies Negative Form Negative form: do not short form: don't -- does not short form: doesn't / don't Didn't is the short form for did not and is used with all subject , ; pronouns + infinitive form of verb. Note: short forms are work in an art gallery. She doesn't work in an art gallery. generally used in spoken and informal written English. Question form: Do: l/we/you/they -- Does: he/she/it Do you work in an art Question Form gallery? Does he work in an art gallery? Didi is used for all subject pronouns + the infinitive form of Note: when you have does you do not add an s to the verb in third person singular. Short Yes, No, ‘answers l/you/he/shefit\we/you/they I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they did didn't PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE + PRESENT CONTINUOUS NOTE: action verbs are used in the present simple form and in the present continuous. NON- ACTION VERBS are normally used in the simple form. non-action verbs: The First Conditional We use The First Conditional' to speak about the likely consequences) of an event or action in the future. When we say ‘likely’ we mean that we believe there is a strong chance it will happen. "IF| see John, l'I tell him you were looking for him" “IF| don't see him, l'ILleave a note" Notice the forms of the verbs and think how these structures compare to your language. We use the present in the dependent clause (the clause that begins with ‘if and the future in the independent clause. However, they BOTH refer to the future. “Ill send you the document this evening by email if | have time" “lm not going to pass the test if | don't study" You dont always have to start with 'i?. You can start with the independent clause. In this case a comma is not used. Note also that we don't always use The Present Simple in the dependent clause and Will’ in the independent clause. However, the forms of The First Conditional always appear in this order: a If + present + future This is just an introduction to The First Conditional. You will study the use of the present tenses in more depth in Unit 1 and the futures in Unit 3. In Unit 7 you will revisit The First Conditional and leam how it compares to The Second Conditional. The First Conditional The "First Conditional" is a sentence composed of two clauses: "IF + the dependent clause , the independent clause” (e.g. If | have time, l'Il call you later) The independent clause is the part of the sentence that can stand alone. In fact, we can say "I'll call you later" and it makes perfect sense because there is a subject, a verb and an object. The dependent clause cannot usually stand alone. If we just say "If | have time..." the sentence is incomplete. In fact the reader/listener won't understand WHAT will happen “if you have time”. Look at these examples: Example Sentences If | iaV@ time on Saturday, I'll visit the Eiffel Tour If it iShittraining when we arrive, we can go on a boat tour lim going to book the hotel if we ieed room when the festival is on Explanation 1. Use the present tense in the dependent Ln Se clause with IF), but the future in the L 2. Note that both clauses refer to the future and not the present. 1. You can use co) present tense in the 2. You can also use a modal (can, should, might etc) in the . This is because there is no future form of these verbs. 1. Note that you can change the order of the clauses: you can start with the and end with the 2. You can use mn future tense in the 3. When IF is in the middle there is no comma. The Second Conditional The "Second Conditional" is a sentence composed of two clauses: had* time, The Second Conditional is hypothetical language: we are imagining a different present. Rather surprisingly we use what looks like the past tense* to talk about this hypothetical present. Gerunds, Infinitives & The Base Form At B1-level it can help to have some basic guidelines to follow so you know which form of the verb to use. However, you should note that there are exceptions. rund ‘going') The verb is the subject After particles (e.g. prepositions) After certain verbs (*) (+) Revising new language is very important () Not paying attention to the context of words can lead to misunderstanding (+) You can leam passively by watching TV in English (‘) You can leam more by not focussing solely on grammar (+) Avoid trying to leam new language in lists () Enjoy not always having to study actively and leam by doing things you like as well To express purpose (+) Alot of people study English to improve their job (ie. to say why) prospects After adjectives (+) Many people find it easier to leam new language with flashcards such as Quiziet (9) At the beginning it's hard not to be a bit shy when you have to speak in front of the class, but it's important to overcome this fear. After certain verbs (*) || (+) The majority of leamers manage to reach B1-level (*) If you decide not to continue learning English after B1, try to maintain your level o Co) After most modal verbs After most auxiliary verbs After the verbs ‘make' / "let (+) You should experiment with different learning strategies until you find the ones that work for you (‘) You shouldn't use Google Translator to translate single words - use Word Reference instead (+) Do pay attention to ‘chunks' of language (‘) Dontt focus so much on language at individual word- level (+) If you make yourself do something in English every day, youlll make faster progress (+) Students often complain their teachers didn't let them do ‘enough communicative activities in the classroom Example Sentences IF1 Raid time, l'lvisit the Eiffel Tour (nb. I dont have time — l'm imagining what l'd do if | did) Ifit {Wasnitraining, we could go on a boat tour (nb. Itis raining — l'm imagining what we'd do if itwasnt) l'a take an umbrella if | Were you (nb. | cannot possibly be you. We use this expression for advice) Explanation 1. Use the past tense in the dependent Glause (the clause with IF), but the Present conditional in the 2. The present conditional is WOULD + VERB. We can abbreviate this to D+ VERB. 3. Note that both clauses refer to the present, not the past. 1. You can use s past tense in the 2. You can also use another modal like ‘could’ in the 1. Note that you can change the order of the clauses: you can start with the 2. With the verb BE, remember to use WERE and not WAS in the first person (I were, not | Was). 3. When IF is in the middle there is no comma. FUTURE SIMPLE WILL / SHALL FUTURE SIMPLE TO BE GOING TO + GRUPPO 2 (3 COLONNE) Past simple and past participi infinitive bleed breed feed find grind have hear lead lay pay read sell say speed tell wind Vyvyvrwywvrvwwywrvwvvvw past simple bled bred fed found ground had heard led laid paid read sold said sped told wound said sped told wound PVryvvryvyvvyrvyvvvvymn Past simple and past participle end in d' infinitive bleed breed feed find grind have hear lead lay pay read sell say speed tell wind past simple bled bred fed found ground had ‘heard led laid paid read sold said sped told ‘wound past participle bled bred fed found ground had heard led laid paid read sold said sped told wound Past simple and past participle end in t infinitive bring buy bend build creep catch deal feel fight keep leave lend lose mean meet sleep sweep seek send spend teach think weep Wywvyvwwwrwwyvvywwyrywvyryrwvywrwvwwwn past simple brought bought bent built crept caught dealt felt fought kept left lent lost meant met slept swept sought sent spent taught thought wept past participle brought bought bent built crept caught dealt felt fought kept left lent lost meant met slept swept sought sent spent taught thought wept Wyrvrwwyvrwwyrywwyryvvwrwryrvryvyvnymn Past simple and past participle end in t infinitive bring buy bend build creep catch deal feel fight keep leave lend lose mean meet sleep sweep seek send spend teach think weep past simple brought bought bent built crept caught dealt felt fought kept left lent lost meant met slept swept sought sent spent taught thought wept past participle brought bought bent built crept caught dealt felt fought kept left lent lost meant met slept swept ‘sought sent spent taught thought wept Past simple and past participle end in t infinitive past simple past participle » bring brought brought » buy bought bought » bend bent bent » build built built » creep crept crept » catch caught caught » deal dealt dealt » feel felt felt » fight fought fought » keep kept kept » leave left left » lend ent lent » lose lost lost » mean meant meant » meet met met » sleep slept slept » ‘sweep swept swept » seek sought sought » send sent sent » spend spent spent » teach taught taught » think thought thought » weep wept wept Vowel changes and forms past simple and past participle infinitive past simple. past participle » cling clung clung » dig dug dug » hang hung hung » ‘hold held ‘held » spin spun spun » stick “stuck stuck » sting stung stung » strike struck ‘struck » swing swung swung » shoot ‘shot shot » sit sat sat » stand stood stood » ‘understand understood understood » win won won Only past simple is different infinitive past simple — past participle » become became become » come came come » run ran run Reported Speech [Reporting Statements We use reported speech when we want to tell somebody else what a person said. In general, the present tense in direct speech changes to the past tense in reported speech. However, il the statement is stl relevant to the present time (now) or a fact, we can choose to use the present. Enya: want to go home." Enya said that she wanted to go home. BUT Enya: usually write the melody.” Enya said that she usually writes the melody. Past Simple and present perfect tense change t0 past perfect. Modal changes: wil-would, can-could, may-might, must-had to The interviewer: " You grew up in a Gaellge-speaking environment.” The interviewer sald that she had grown up in a Gaellge- king environment. First and second person pronouns and possessives change to third person if necessary. “I use my volce like an instrument." She said ({hat) she uses her voice like an instrument. References to time and piace change, if necessary. “She's playing here tonight” ‘She said (în!) she was playing there that night. [Reporing Qu Reported questions change from interrogative structures to affirmative structures. We report yes/no questions by using ask if or ask whether. Questions that begin with a question word (who, where, etc..) we report them with ask. "Do you like this song?” She asked Iwhether | ikod that song “Where do your influences come from?" The interviewer asked her where her Influences came from. Reporting Orders Orders are when someone tells us what to do, and the direct speech is always an imperative (base form of the verb). When we report orders we use the reporting verb TOLD + Object + infinitive as in the following example: Direct Speech Reported Speech (+) "sit down and be quiet”, said the (+) The teacher told us to sit down and teacher be quiet () "don't make a mess", said Jim (*) He told us not to make a mess Note that there is no interrogative form. Summarising Reporting Verbs We use these verbs when we want to paraphrase what was actually said. These verbs describe how things were said: a denia, , an agreement etc. Notice that we always use them in the past and that some are followed by the infnitive while others take the gerund. Here are some of the most common together with an example of the verb in use: Summarising Reporting Verbs Agreed to do / not to do Denied doing / not doing Remind someone to do / not to do Warn someone to do / not to do Suggest doing / not doing Apologise for doing / not doing Regret doing / not doing Offer to do / not to do Examples in Context "OK, I'll do it” "It wasn't me” "Don't forget to feed the cat” "Don't go fast, you might fall” "Why don't you read this?” "I'm sorry I'm late” "l wish | had studied more” "Can | help?” Reported Speech He agreed to do it He denied doing it She reminded me to feed the cat She warned me not to go fast He suggested reading it He apologized for being late She regretted not studying more He offered to help Relative Pronouns [Derning Relativa PronouA, That or which are used when we talk about things or animals. Ile the film (that or which) won the festival. That or who are used when we talk about people. 1 poke to the director (who or that) organized the film festiva That, who, or which can be the subject of the relative Pronoun. l interviewed the fimmaker who won. He is the fimmaker that contacted me. That, who, or which can be the object of the relative Pronoun. The silent movies which Judy sent were great. The documentary film that | watched was very interesting. Whose is used in the piace of his, her, their, etc and has a possessive meaning. Itis not used for things. Itis used with people, countries and organizations. The actor whose voice we're using for the dubbing is from rw York. [order PronouA Non-defining relative Pronouns give us extra Information. This information is separated by commas. In non-defining relative Pronouns we use which but not that for things or animals. The Cannes film festival, which occurs every spring, attracts people from all over the world. In non-defining relative Pronouns we use who and not that for people. Charlle Chaplin, who died many years ago, was a great actor. Note: we use who or at times whom when its the object o the relative Pronoun. The film director, who/ whom | last saw before Easter, is planning a new flm. We use whose to mean his, her, or thelr. Passive + Modals After modals like can, could, must, may, might, should, ought to you use be + past participle of a main verb. Active: You can see some wonderful sculptures in this museum. Passive: Some wonderful sculptures can be seen in this museum. To express the past, you must use a modal + have been + past participle of a main verb. Active: The artist must have finished the sculpture. Passive: The sculpture must have been finished. Say is never used with a Tell always has a personal personal direct object (me, direct object. It cannot be him, them etc.) but it can have used with to. ‘a personal indirect object (to me, to him, to them etc.). ® /saidthemthebishop ® |toldto themthatthe wrongWas very impressed by wrongbishop was very the cathedral. @ | said that the bishop right Was very impressed by the cathedral. impressed by the cathedral. @ | told them that the right bishop was very impressed by the cathedral. Used to or Usually? Understanding Apostrophe + S (‘s) Apostrophe + S (‘s) can fulfil different functions. Look at the table below and analyse the examples. Possibilities: ‘S’ Examples The verb IS He's the best goalkeeper we've ever had = he is The verb HAS She's felt unwell today = she has The ‘possessive S' to show possession NB: to understand what - ‘s - is you need to look carefully at the context (the words before and after it). Steven is Tom and Sally's son = he is their son ‘Used to’ and ‘usually’ are both used to describe situations when things happen repeatedly over time, but there are some important differences: e Usedtoisa verb anditis used to speak about the past e Usually is an adverb and it is used to speak about the present Compare how each is used: USUALLY (+) | usually revise before a test (-) | don't usually have enough time (?) Do you usually go to all the lessons? ‘Usually’ is an ADVERB andit ‘appears before the main verb. Use ‘usually’ to describe situations when things happen the same way repeatedly over time. USED TO (+) I used to go to London every summer (-) | didn't use to like it much (?) Did you use to spend your summers abroad? ‘Used to’ is a VERB. You don't conjugate it when there is the auxiliary DID(N'T). Use ‘used to’ to describe situations when things happened the same Way repeatedly in the past. Introduction to Quantifiers COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS a lot of biscuits a lot of flour plenty of courgettes plenty of rice We've got... some pears Weve got... some pasta There are... a few aubergines There is... a little sugar several (3+) baguettes Da a couple of apples _ a lot of crackers a lot of coffee We haventt got... We haventt got... many sandwiches much tea There aren't... There isntt... any (= 0) cupcakes any (= 0) milk Are there any tomatoes? Is there any pasta? How many potatoes are there? How much sugar is there? None / a couple / a few / not many None / not much /a little / a lot Three, four, ten... / a lot 2. Present Time Present simple FORM usES EXAMPLES The verb ‘to be' : lam; You are ; S/hefitis We [You (plural), they are For other verbs : use infinitive form of the verb, except for third-person singular when you ‘add —s or —es. 1. habitual actions 2. general truths / state 1 walk to school every day. She goes to school by bus. The earth is round. (general truth) We are a happy family (state) Present continuous FORM usES EXAMPLES Present tense of the verb 'to be' + gerund (-ing) form of verb. Refers to the temporary present i.e. actions happening now/at the moment The children are playing in the garden. [James is studying for an exam. Present perfect simple FORM USES EXAMPLES Present tense of the verb ‘to have' + past participle. For a period of time leading up to the present or for recent past time This tense is used with expressions which refer to ‘any time up to now' (e.g. ever, never, recentiy, often, just, already, yet.) and finished actions that are important now. The group have made five since they formed ten years ago. | have never been to Australia Sally has just finished her degree course Frank can't play soccer this season because he has broken his leg. Present perfect continuous FORM USES EXAMPLES has/ have been + gerund (-ing) form of verb. To refer to activities which started in the past and are still in progress. For activities in the past which have recently finished and the results/effects are clear in the present. | have been painting my son's bedroom all morning - | hope to finish it tomorrow. John has been attending lectures regulariy. We have been dri ing slowly and now we are late. Past perfect FORM USES EXAMPLES had + past participle ‘When you are already talking ‘abbout the past when you want to refer to an | missed the train it had left two minutes before when | arrived at the station. He had a coffee when he had finished his lunch. Jane collected her daughter from school when she had done the shopping.