inglese perfezionamento MacKenzie, English for Business Studies, Cambridge, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

Scarica inglese perfezionamento MacKenzie, English for Business Studies, Cambridge e più Appunti in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! INGLESE PERFEZIONAMENTO 2012 8 -The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention. Two countries won’t fight a war against each other as long as they are both part of the same global supply chain. Glenn Neland, vice president for procurement at Dell, said that if a major supply chain member in Asia decide to start a fight with its neighbor will distrupt the suplly chain, because following the evolution of supply chain you will se the prosperity and stability, like Singapore, Japan and Korea; they feel part of something bigger than their own business. 9 – Logistics. Reading 1: Manufacturing companies can produce according to pull or push strategies. With the pull straregy, when picies are removed from stock, replacements are automatically ordered from suppliers; an important strategy is Just In Time, developed by Toyota in the 1950s, replacing picies only when is useful. Also known as important pull strategies are lean production and stockless production. On the countrary, the push strategy is when production is based on estimates of future demand, planning the production lead time. Reading2: ? 10 – Quality. The Total Quality Management (TQM), is a simple principle: companies have to do thing right, the first time and everytime, they have to provide costumers with goods and services that satisfy their needs. Goods should have no defects and services should be perfect. TQM includes also marketing, sales, purchasing, design and the other business activities. The organization must make use of the knowledge and ecperience of its entire staff to identify and correct faulty systems and processes. Doing things right, the costs will be reduced. 11 – Products. A product is anything that can be offered to a market that satisfy a need. Most Manufacturers divide their products into product lines, that are groups of closely related products; costumers’ needs and markets are constantly evolving, and different products are generally at different stages of their life cycles. Products are branded, a brand is a name or a symbol, that distinguishes products and services from competitors; brand help to create a relationship of trust with customers. Each year ‘INTERBRAND’ publishes an annual list the best global brands, usually the best one is Coca – Cola. 12 – Marketing. [Product life cycle: Introduction; Growth; Maturity; Decline]. In the past, the organizations focused their energies on changing customers’ minds to fit the product. Today companies change their product to fit customers’ requests, so adapting their goods. Today marketing is not a function, but a way of doing business, US companies typically make two kinds of mistake: some get caught up in the excitement of making new creations, others become absorbed in the competition of selling things. Both approaches could prove fatal to a business. The real goal of marketing is to own the market, not just to make or sell products. 13 – Advertising. Advertising informs consumers about the existence and benefits of products and services, and persuade them to buy them. Most companies use advertising agencies to produce their advertising for them: so they give to agency a statement of the objectives of the advertising campaign (brief), and agency publishes on newspapers, magazines, TV, Radio, mails, cinema, etc… It’s always difficult to know jow much to spend on advertising, usually, a company spend as much as it’s competitive. The best way of advertising has always been word – of – mouth advertising, for example a person that tells her friends about a new product. 14 – Banking. When American house prices began to fall in 2007, many ‘subprime’ borrowers, defined as those with poor credit ratings and so a high risk of default, stopped paying their mortgages, as their debt was greater than the value of their house. MBS and CDO began a process called securitization: financial assets like morgages which produce a cash flow are pooled and converted into securities that are then sold to investors, so banks and the other financials institutions had the security of payments on the underlying mortgages, but many subrprime borrowers stopped paying and many banks lost billions of dollars on their MBSs, some went bankrupt. 15 – Venture Capital. If you are starting a business, you have to get capital from investiors, giving them a business plan. A good business plan has to contains ten standard elements: 1) Executive summary: a one-page summary of what the business plan is about. 2) Financial analysis: gives details of the business’s performance, the minimum level of sales required and make projections for the future revenue. 3) Implementation plan: describes sales and marketing and operational strategies. 4) Customer profile: gives informations about customers like interests, lifestyile etc… 5) Competition: specifies the existing competitors to your product, reviews their strenghts and weaknesses. 6) Competitive advantage: describes sustainable competitive advantage the new business has over its competitors. 7) Market opportunity: describes what the companyto do, the target market, its needs. 8) Product or service: describes its features and benefits for the customers, comparing to other products of competitors. 9) Management team: gives information about founders, directors, advisors etc… 10) Appendix: curricula vitae of resumes of the managers, and any other necessary documents. 16 – Bonds. Companies finance their activities by way of internally generated cash flows. If they need to raise more money they can borrow money, usually by issuing bonds. Companies generally use an investment bank to issue their bonds and to find buyers. Bondholders get back their original investment on a fixed maturity date and receive their interest payments. Bonds are generally safer than stocks or shares, but in the medium or long time, shares pay a higher return than bonds. For companies, the advantage of debt financing over equity is that bond interest is tax deductible. If tax revenue is insufficient, governments also issue bonds to raise money. Bonds are saleable instruments that can be traded on the secondary bond market. The price of bonds varies inversely with interest rates: if interest rates rise, bonds lose value; if interest rates fall, bonds increase in value. 17 – Stocks and Shares. Companies can issue stocks or shares to raise capital to expand their operations. Companies use an investment bank to find buyers, and to underwrite the stock issue. Stocks and shares are also known as equity or equities; the most common form is called common stock in the US and ordinary shares in Britain. After shares have been issued they can be traded on the secondary market at the stock on which the company is quoted. Stock prices rise and fall depending on supply and demand. Companies distributes part of their profits to shareholders as an annual dividend, or keep the profits in the company. Stocks markets are