Scarica From Celts to Tudors: History of Celtic Britain, Anglo-Saxon England, and Norman England e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! CELTIC 1000 BCE Celtic Britain The Celtic spread in Europe and crossed from Belgium into Britain. In Europe there were three main groups: The Gauls -> northern France The Britons -> Wales and Cornwall The Gaels -> Ireland and Scotland They spoke a similar languages much older than English. Their religion was druidism and the most important divinity was the sun god. 43 CE Roman invasion After a first raids under Julius Caesar in 55-54 CE the Romans finally conquered the island under empire Claudius. It included England and Wales but not Scotland (Caledonia) because the Romans couldn’t beat the Picts infect, under emperor Hadrian, Romans built Hadrian’s wall from coast to coast to protect Britannia and the wall became the northernmost frontier of the Roman empire. They (romans) brought their language that was Latin and Christianity. 410 CE end of Roman occupation + beginning Anglo-Saxon England After 400 years the last Roman soldiers left Britain to fight the new Germanic tribes on the continent: Angles, Saxons, Jutes; who spoke dialects that we now call “old English” a mono- syllabic language refers to common fields. ANGLO – SAXON BRITAIN 660-800 and 793 Anglo-Saxon heptarchy Anglo-Saxon Britain started in 660 BCE when the Germanic invaders conquered England and divided it in seven kingdom and this period is called “the HEPTARCHY” until 800 BCE. In 793 the Vikings started raids in Normandy and destroyed the monasteries. The monks fled to Kells in Ireland where they probably produced the famous “book of Kells” 871-900 Alfred the great While the Vikings prepare the armies king Alfred united the Anglo-Saxon people against the Danes who possessed north-eastern England (Danelaw – terre danesi) Anglo-Saxon England continue to flourish after Alfred’s death with his son Edward the Elder who reconquered the Danelaw and thrown the Anglo-Saxon chronicle records we know that king Edward (959- 975) issued laws that recognized the multi-ethnic-character . 1066 the battle of Hastings Despite defeating the Vikings in the north in 1066, king Harold had to face the Norman invasion on the south coast where William the conqueror landed with a big army on 14th October 1066 defeating Harold and killing him in the battle of Hastings so the Anglo-Saxon reign came to an end NORMAN ENGLAND 1066-1087 William the conqueror William was crowned king in Westminster Abbey on Christmas day 1006 so Normandy became an English territory. The Normans introduced the feudal system with the building of castles. The Anglo-Saxon became serves lousing all rights. The Normans brought Norman French and Latin for church and government. In 1085 William commissioned a survey of the land and wealth to calculate taxes, it became a book called “Domesday book” with precious historical information. William was succeeded by his son as William II. The new king turned to be very unpopular and was soon succeeded by his younger brother Henry I, that was the first Norman to be born in England. When he died, since he had no heirs, was succeeded by his nephew, Stephen, a weak king, who lost control of much of England. 1154-1189 Henry II On Stephen’s death in 1154 the throne passed to Henry Plantagenet with the name of Henry II of Anjou. The first king in the French Plantagenet line. 1170 the murder of Thomas Becket Henry II had a quarrel with Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury and Henry was responsible for Becket’s murder in the cathedral on 29th December 1170. Henry II was succeeded by his son Richard the lionheart for his military abilities in 1189. But Richard spent most of his time on crusade in Palestine and in France to regain territories lost in his absence. In England during his absence reign his brother John Lackland who was very unpopular and connected to Robin Hood and describe us an oppressive usurper by Sir Walter Scoot. When Richard died in 1099 John became king and continue the unsuccessful wars and losing his French possession. Hundred years’ war The war with France began in 1337 for regain lost territories in France and claimed the French throne. There were several intervals Under Edgard I, the English had important victories at: Crecy 1346 Poitiers 1356 and Henry V at: Agincourt 1415 Under Henry VI everything changed. Joan of Arc led French to victory and to the coronation of Charles VII. In the following year the French regained territories and the English maintained only the port of Calais (northern).
