James Joyce (1882-1941), Schemi e mappe concettuali di Inglese

Scarica James Joyce (1882-1941) e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! JAMES JOYCE LIFE AND MAIN WORKS He was born in Dublin in 1882 into a Catholic family he received an important education in a Jesuit college in Dublin he graduated in languages studying French, Italian and Norwegian he moved to Paris but he came back to assist his dying mother he moved to France, Switzerland and Italy teaching English he became friend of Italo Svevo, who was influenced by him he died in Zurich in 1941. His main works are Dubliners and Ulysses. Joyce is a modernist writer, the most important with Virginia Woolf. Modernist writers are influenced by discovers in all the fields like Freud for psychology and philosophy. Joyce uses a new technique based on two important elements: the stream of consciousness and the interior monologue. The stream of consciousness is a method of narration that describes happenings (thoughts, feelings and perceptions) in the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters. These thoughts do not come to mind in a logical order, but they are the result of free association. Our mind jumps from one argument to another, from past to future, from positive to negative. It is all personal and has a significance only for the individual because it’s connected to our personal life story. In the stream of consciousness nothing is filtrated, everything is presented spontaneously in no logical order and the reader decides what’s relevant and what’s not. The interior monologue is more or less the same as the stream of consciousness but it is guided as the author decides to focus on some aspects of the character’s inner life and thoughts instead of every single one of them. These techniques are more difficult than the ones used by past authors because it describes sensations and happenings that are apparently unconnected and it’s hard to read another people’s mind. Joyce also uses a technique called epiphany: it is a revela�on. Joyce uses this technique to connect past and present. We see/hear/smell something which reminds us to a past event and due to this we understand or realize something we did not before. DUBLINERS is a collection of fifteen stories of people living in Dublin. The stories are in a chronological order and they are told in the 3rd person singular from the main character’s point of view and the narrator is external. The order follows the four phases of human life from childhood through adolescence, maturity and public life. All the stories have in common the place se�ng: Dublin. The �me se�ng is the beginning of the 20th century. He sets his stories in Dublin but he thinks this city is paralyzed so his rela�onship with this city is between love and hate. The protagonists are presented in a specific moment of their lives that seem to belong to the everyday ac�vity but become special as they correspond to important moments of self-awareness. The stories focus two themes: paralysis and epiphany. Paralysis is the consequence of a frene�c and impersonal city life that affects many of us and have many different sources like the frustra�ng and s�fling circumstances of an unfulfilling job, unhappiness and loneliness caused by an unsuccessful marriage. • EVELINE is one of the stories from Dubliners. Joyce deals with several themes in this story as in the whole work as claustrophobia (Evelin feels claustrophobic in Dublin, at work, at home as she’s not happy there), paralysis (condi�on of Dublin and Dubliners) people in Dublin do always the same things, live the same life, nothing new, everything becomes boring at one point. This is underlined by the word “dusty” referred to Eveline’s house; escape: connected to the 2 themes before. Due to the fact that Dublin is paralyzed and claustrophobic, Eveline has the chance to escape with her fellow. In the end she doesn’t leave to keep the promise she made to her mother. Eveline’s descrip�on: she’s over 19 years old. She’s from the lower middle class. She lives in Dublin. She has two jobs: she’s a shop assistant at the Stores and she is a “babysi�er”. She’s about to move to Buenos Ayres with her fellow, Frank, who’s kind, open hearted and manly. Her father is violent (he was not so bad in the past) and he doesn’t want his daughter to see Frank. Her mother is dead (she was alive in the past). She has 2 brothers: Ernst who’s dead and Harry who works abroad. Important details: dusty house (symbol of paralysis: not touched or moved), cretonne, it is evening. In the story we see three �mes: past (she used to play in the street with her neighbors, her father was not so bad, her mother and one of her brothers were alive), present (she’s si�ng at the window, she’s not happy, she’s sad, bored, scared and frustrated), future (is she moving to Buenos Ayres with Frank and become his wife?). PLOT A young woman, Eveline, of about nineteen years of age sits by her window, waiting to leave home. She muses on the aspects of her life that are driving her away, while "in her nostrils was the odor of dusty cretonne". Her mother has died as has her older brother Ernest. Her remaining brother, Harry, is on the road "in the church decorating business". She fears that her father will beat her as he used to beat her brothers and she has little loyalty for her sales job. She has fallen for a sailor named Frank who promises to take her with him to Buenos Aires. Before leaving to meet Frank, she hears an organ grinder outside, which reminds her of a melody that played on an organ on the day her mother died and the promise she made to her mother to look after the home. At the dock where she and Frank are ready to embark on a ship together, Eveline is deeply conflicted and makes the painful decision not to leave with him. Nonetheless, her face registers no emotion at all. ULYSSES All the action of Ulysses takes place in and immediately around Dublin on a single day (June 16, 1904). The three central characters—Stephen Dedalus, Leopold Bloom, a Jewish advertising canvasser; and his wife, Molly—are intended to be modern counterparts of Telemachus, Ulysses (Odysseus), and Penelope, respectively, and the events of the novel loosely parallel the major events in Odysseus’s journey home after the Trojan War. Stephen Dedalus spends the early morning hours of June 16, 1904, remaining away from his friends. As Stephen leaves for work, Buck, his friend, orders him to leave the house key and meet them at the pub at 12:30. Stephen teaches a history lesson to his class at Garrett Deasy’s boys’ school. After class, Stephen meets with Deasy to receive his wages. The narrow-minded and prejudiced Deasy lectures Stephen on life. Stephen agrees to take Deasy’s editorial letter about cattle disease to acquaintances at the newspaper. Stephen spends the remainder of his morning walking alone on Sandymount Strand, thinking critically about his younger self and about perception. He composes a poem in his head and writes it down on a scrap torn from Deasy’s letter. The same morning, Leopold Bloom fixes breakfast and brings his wife her mail and breakfast in bed. One of her letters is from Molly’s concert tour manager, Blazes Boylan (Bloom suspects he is also Molly’s lover)— Boylan will visit at 4:00 this afternoon. Bloom returns downstairs, reads a letter from their daughter, Milly, then goes to the outhouse. Bloom picks up an amorous letter from the post office—he is corresponding with a woman named Martha Clifford under the pseudonym Henry Flower. He reads the tepid letter, ducks briefly into a church, then orders Molly’s lotion from the pharmacist. He runs into Bantam Lyons, who mistakenly gets the impression that Bloom is giving him a tip on the horse Throwaway in the afternoon’s Gold Cup race. Bloom rides with Simon Dedalus (Stephen’s father), Martin Cunningham, and Jack Power to the funeral of Paddy Dignam. The men treat Bloom as somewhat of an outsider. At the funeral, Bloom thinks about the deaths of his son and his father. At noon, we find Bloom at the offices of the Freeman newspaper, negotiating an advertisement for Keyes, a liquor merchant. Several idle men, including editor Myles Crawford, are hanging around in the office, discussing political speeches. Bloom leaves to secure the ad. Stephen arrives at the newspaper with Deasy’s letter. Stephen and the other men leave for the pub just as Bloom is returning. Bloom’s ad negotiation is rejected by Crawford on his way out. Bloom runs into Josie Breen, an old flame, and they discuss Mina Purefoy, who is in labor at the maternity hospital. Bloom stops in Burton’s restaurant, but he decides to move on to Davy Byrne’s for a light lunch. Bloom reminisces about an intimate afternoon with Molly on Howth. Bloom leaves and is walking toward the National Library when he spots Boylan on the street and ducks into the National Museum. Stephen is informally presenting his “Hamlet theory” in the National Library to the poet A.E. and the librarians John Eglinton, Best, and Lyster. A.E. is dismissive of Stephen’s theory and leaves. Buck enters and jokingly scolds Stephen for failing to meet him and Haines at the pub. On the way out, Buck and Stephen pass Bloom, who has come to obtain a copy of Keyes’ ad. Simon Dedalus, Ben Dollard, Lenehan, and Blazes Boylan converge at the Ormond Hotel bar. Bloom notices Boylan’s car outside and decides to watch him. Boylan soon leaves for his appointment with Molly, and Bloom sits morosely in the Ormond restaurant—he is briefly mollified by Dedalus’s and Dollard’s singing. Bloom writes back to Martha, then leaves to post the letter. Bloom arrives at Barney Kiernan’s pub to meet Martin Cunningham about the Dignam family finances, but Cunningham has not yet arrived. The citizen, a belligerent Irish nationalist, becomes increasingly drunk and begins attacking Bloom’s Jewishness. Bloom stands up to the citizen, speaking in favor of peace and love over xenophobic violence. Bloom and the citizen have an altercation on the street before Cunningham’s carriage carries Bloom away. Bloom relaxes on Sandymount Strand around sunset, after his visit to Mrs. Dignam’s house nearby. A young woman, Gerty MacDowell, notices Bloom watching her from across the beach. Gerty subtly reveals more and more of her legs while Bloom surreptitiously masturbates. Gerty leaves, and Bloom dozes. Bloom wanders to the maternity hospital to check on Mina Purefoy. Also at the hospital are Stephen and several of his medical student friends, drinking and talking boisterously about subjects related to birth. Bloom agrees to join them, though he privately disapproves of their revelry in light of Mrs. Purefoy’s struggles upstairs. Buck arrives, and the men proceed to Burke’s pub. At closing time, Stephen convinces his friend Lynch to go to the brothel section of town and Bloom follows, feeling protective. Bloom finally locates Stephen and Lynch at Bella Cohen’s brothel. Stephen is drunk and imagines that he sees the ghost of his mother—full of rage, he shatters a lamp with his walking stick. Bloom runs after Stephen and finds him in an argument with a British soldier who knocks him out. Bloom revives Stephen and takes him for coffee at a cabman’s shelter to sober up. Bloom invites Stephen back to his house. Well after midnight, Stephen and Bloom arrive back at Bloom’s house. They drink cocoa and talk about their respective backgrounds. Bloom asks Stephen to stay the night. Stephen politely refuses. Bloom sees him out and comes back in to find evidence of Boylan’s visit. Still, Bloom is at peace with the world and he climbs into bed, tells Molly of his day and requests breakfast in bed. After Bloom falls asleep, Molly remains awake, surprised by Bloom’s request for breakfast in bed. Her mind wanders to her childhood in Gibraltar, her afternoon of sex with Boylan, her singing career, Stephen Dedalus. Her thoughts of Bloom vary wildly over the course of the monologue, but it ends with a