Scarica James Joyce : Dubliners e Ulysses e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! James Joyce (1882-1941) He was born in Dublin so he was Irish, like Swift and Yeats, and his family was catholic. When he was born, Ireland was not divided , it was still under British control. He attended the Jesuit school, Jesuits were religious men interested in culture. He graduated in modern languages like Italian , french. Joyce was a supporter of an Irish independence so when Parnell died he wrote poem where he accused the people that had betrayed him. He went to Paris because it was the center of the world from a cultural point of view, so artists and poets went to Paris, but he was obliged to go back to Ireland because of his mother, because she was ill. 16 June 1904 he met Nora that will be his wife , she was a waitress and she had not a good education but they stayed together a lot. This date is important for him because he set Ulysses in that day. He decided to leave Ireland so he lived in a voluntarily exile. He left because he refused the moral and spiritual paralysis of Irish people . There are 2 reasons of this paralysis : 1. The British domination , Irish people were exploited and limited by British people. 2. Catholic religion , in particular the church and the clergy. This was a kind of reaction to the strict education he had in the Jesuit school because he was limited. Also there were restrictions and even punishments. When man, he refused the church and the rights of the priests. So he left Ireland to get rid of this situation. He didn’t earn a lot of money with his works so he started working in a language school in Trieste, as an English teacher, Italo Svevo was one of the students of this school, he wanted to learn English because he worked in import and export agency of his father in law so he needed English, also because he was interested deeply in English literature. Joyce influenced Italo Svevo because they discussed a lot. “Dubliners” was scandalous because the stories were strange because nothing happened , they were not interesting according to the traditional writing. “The portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” is a semi-autobiographical novel, because the main character is an artist , Stephen Daedalus , and Joyce puts his experience in the figure of this artist. Samuel Beckett was an Irish dramatist that went to Paris , he became Joyce’s scribe because he wrote for him when he couldn't because he was nearly blind, Samuel also invented a new type of theater , absurd theater. Joyce moved to Switzerland to protect his family because there was no war, after went to Paris where he stayed some years. He went on writing Ulysses that he begin in Switzerland. He had problems with health so Samuel wrote for him “Finnegans Wake” that is an interior monologue of the character while he is sleeping. Dubliners (1914) A collection of short stories ,15 stories, even if usually considered 14 stories in 4 parts and the last one “the dead” that is considered a part by itself because there is something that characterize the next literary production, the indirect monologue. It is not a novel and there is a thematic development because the topics are the different stages of a human’s life. He speaks about common people and normal life things , so nothing strange happens. He speaks about people in the period of the general paralysis when there are no believes and no values because they were killed by different aspects like religion and philosophy. The key word of the work is Paralysis. Joyce felt the crisis but underlined the fact that this paralysis had 2 reasons and he criticized the clergy , also he had a sens of sterility and immobility.
