Joyce: l'analisi in inglese delle sue opere più importanti., Appunti di Inglese

Scarica Joyce: l'analisi in inglese delle sue opere più importanti. e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! JAMES JOYCE DUBLINERS Consists of 15 short stories dedicated to Dubliners: they lack obvious action, but they disclose human situations and moments of intensity. He had his quirks: making lists on the chapters, but the last one is not part of the sequence. He considers it a sum of all the stories. He wants to write about his city, that seems to be the centre of paralysis (Freud, Trincee paralizzati). The central is escape to the boring life. Joyce was hostile to city life finding that it degraded its citizens. In fact his Dublin is a place where true feeling and compassion for others do not exist. The last story is THE DEAD and it's considered Joyce's first masterpiece. SETTING The Misses Morkans’ house where Miss Kate, Miss Julia and their niece Mary Jane give their Christmas party; a room in the Gresham Hotel where Gabriel Conroy and his wife Gretta are to spend the night. Time: evening and night. CHARACTERS The hostesses, Gabriel (their nephew and university teacher) and his wife Gretta, and Lily (the housemaid). Then the guests: Miss Ivors (a nationalist university teacher), Freddy Malins (a drunkard), Mr Bartell d’Arcy (a singer) and Mr Browne (an English Protestant). PLOT The story opens with the annual Christmas party given by Julia and Kate Morkan. There is much eating, drinking, dancing and gaiety at the party , during which Gabriel meets several people, among whom Lily, who refuses a tip from him, and Miss Ivors, who accuses him of being a “West Briton”. This makes Gabriel unsure of himself and, from then on, the evening becomes a disaster for him. During the dinner, he makes a well-received speech but while giving it, he thinks it a superficial triumph. Towards the end of the evening, Gretta hears a song, The Lass of Aughrim, which reminds her of a young man, Michael Furey, who used to sing it and died for her love when he was seventeen years old (this happened a long time ago when she lived at her grandmother’s in Galway: Michael was a delicate boy, who worked in a gas factory and they used to go out together: he got ill and when she had to leave Galway for Dublin she wrote a letter to him saying she hoped to see him in the summer. The night before her departure he went to her garden, standing in the rain, shivering. After one week he was dead.). After the party, Gabriel and Gretta come back to their hotel room: he is consumed with physical passion but she is far away from him, since she is thinking about that song and that boy. She reveals about it to Gabriel, who at the beginning mistakes Michael for a living person and tries to be ironic about him with no result. Gabriel finally feels he is fighting a ghost. Then Gretta falls asleep and Gabriel watches her with affectionate pity, while the snow is falling over the whole of Ireland, deadening everything, making the present as dead as the past. COMMENTARY Structure. The story has a tripartite structure, indicated by Joyce himself: 1- Arrival of the guests and first dances; 2 - Gabriel’s own dance with Miss Ivors, supper and speech; 3 - Last song, departure, hotel scene with the revelation of Gretta’s past love. This story has also been described as one of the Divine Comedy type: The Morkans’ household=Gabriel’s Hell; the carriage trip to the hotel=a period of purgation; the hotel scene of revelation=an ironic paradise. Other critics identify “The Dead” as the working out in three stages of a unified theme, that of a man’s realization of his paralysis, which is broken down by three failures, one in each part of the story: 1 - Lily’s refusal of a tip=Gabriel’s failure as a gentleman; 2 - Miss Ivor’s use of the abusive term “West Briton”=Gabriel’s failure as an Irishman; 3 - Gretta’s withdrawal into the past and her revelation=Gabriel’s failure as a man, a lover and a husband. Epiphany. Gabriel’s epiphany is contained in two parts: first, when, after Gretta’s revelation, he feels humiliated by his irony and by Gretta’s comparing him to another and looking at himself in the mirror finds himself ridiculous; then, when he watches Gretta sleeping and feels pity for her. The epiphany has a double effect: first to make Gabriel realize that he has lived with a woman without suspecting the secret regret she concealed in her heart; he rediscovers her as less beautiful than in her youth but also more triumphant than himself as she had met someone who had died for her; the second effect is to make Gabriel look at himself as he is, not as he would like to be. He sees lucidly that he is a slightly ludicrous, pitiable man, a sentimentalist who has had a poor part in his wife’s life and who for the first time knows “that such a feeling must be love”. A further effect is created by these two revelations on the reader who, after sharing the narrator’s ironic portrait of Gabriel, is guided towards a sympathetic understanding of him. In the famous final lines of the short story Gabriel transcends his own limitations, which makes him a character of much larger proportions than any other in the collection. Not only does Gabriel defeat his egotism through a gradual process of acceptance first of his wife’s independent existence then of other human beings, but he also goes beyond his individual experience to become part of the vast community of the living and the dead, united by the assimilating power of the snow: the dead and the living human beings, as well as the dead and living traditions and passions, are united by the common end which awaits them all and that is symbolically represented by the white thickness of the falling snow: this symbolic reconciliation between life and death is stressed by repetitive allitterative patterns with repetitive lexical and synctatic patterns and by the music itself that their combination creates. This conclusion is ambiguous enough for some critics to think that he yields to the final paralysis symbolized by the snow, and others to believe he rises from the shades through generosity, love and a closer union with nature. Narrative technique. The first part of the story is presented by means of an unobtrusive third-person narrator, which makes extensive use of dialogue and objective direct descriptions but also descriptions from Gabriel’s point of view. In the second part the point of view shifts continuously from the narrator’s to Gabriel’s. Gabriel is the central consciousness of the third section: his thoughts are often presented in the form of Free Indirect Thought, but we get abundant information about him also from the narrator’s words, the dialogue and other characters’words. The register may be colloquial (when referred to uneducated people), formal (Gabriel’s speech), or emotional and lyrical (Gabriel’s intense mood). “The Dead” contains two short narratives: the story of Patrick Morgan’s horse narrated by Gabriel (the horse used to work in a mill, walking round and round to drive the mill: one day the master took him out to a military review in the park where he saw King Billy’s statue and began to walk round it, as if he were back in the mill) and the story of Michale Furey narrated by Gretta: they both contain symbolic meanings. The story of the horse symbolyzes the frustration of Gabriel’s cultural aspirations (he would like to take sides as regards Irish problems, to travel eastward - as Joyce himself did - and also to write all he feels he could write, though he prefers not to expose himself and to continue his usual life) but also Ireland’s inconclusive destiny. The story of Michael Furey is contrasted with Gabriel’s emotional aridity but it is also the symbol of what we ignore of other people’s lives. Style. A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN Is a biographical novel with several elements of his life. Is a Bildungsroman (formation novel) because of his story about this boy since birth from University. Attends the university and he was offered to have a carrier and he could became a priest. The main character is Stephen Dedalus during his adolescent first experience outside college. He started to feel a sense of guilt: finally he start thinking about his future. In the second book with a device of epiphany is the most famous: he understood what he wants to do in future. Where was his boyhood now? He is alone at the sea with his feet in the water and looks at the sea thinking about the past and the future (he hears the call of the sea). - first he looks at the sea and feels the desire to leave for Ireland: the sea means several things, in fact it separates it from the rest of the world and at the same time puts it in communication with the world. He understands that his future is characterized by wandering - second: he is alone, but there are other passersby: his thoughts make him understand that he is no longer a child, but that that is now a closed phase. He does not see this end with nostalgia (symptom of fear of living) but he has expectations / wishes for the future He attracts the sight of the girl who will make him understand what he wants to do in his future of him. ULISSE The character of Joyce's Ulysses is the modern heroic-comic Leopold (a type of popular poetry from the early 18th century was the parody, i.e. an important story is taken as a starting point to put it in a comic key) but there is a parallelism with the old Ulysses di una giorno one single day it is the relation about the 16th of June 1904 the day in that Joyce met her wife. The 3 main characters are: Molly Is Penelope Ulisse's wife, Leopol is Ulisse and Stephen Dedalus is Telemaco. The final episode consists of Molly Bloom's thoughts as she lies in bed next to her husband. The episode uses a stream-of-consciousness technique in eight paragraphs and lacks punctuation. Molly thinks about Boylan and Bloom, her past admirers, including Lieutenant Gardner, the events of the day, her childhood in Gibraltar, and her curtailed singing career. She also hints at a lesbian relationship, in her youth, with a childhood friend named Hester Stanhope. These thoughts are occasionally interrupted by distractions, such as a train whistle or the need to urinate. The episode famously concludes with Molly's remembrance of Bloom's marriage proposal, and of her acceptance: "he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I will Yes." The episode is also concerned with the occurrence of Molly's early menstrual period. She considers the proximity of her period following her extra-marital affairs with Boylan, and believes her menstrual condition is the reason for her increased sexual appetite. Leopold is not respected because many know that his wife is cheating on him and he does not care about his image: it all started when their first child died a few days after birth. They have a daughter but things have never been the same since The flow of consciousness has variables and is always different from person to person. It works with the associative and non-logical method. They tell us a lot about Molly, the experience makes me have interests. Psychology a number of innate characteristics and the lived in the memory there are both favorable and unfavorable intense emotions. Molly is always looking for pleasure, looking for life with the repetition of yes, but she is for pleasure: she is very sensual from the point of view of psychology and personality. The flow of consciousness and also the inner monologue depend on the experience. She matters the moment: in bed, while she is trying to sleep, her consciousness is a slack. Conscience is a kind of vigilant who keeps the unconscious at bay. In Ulysses there are 3 main characters with a stream of consciousness with different personalities: Sensual Molly always looking for the pleasure of life Leopold also a lover of life but not like molly and much more cultured and lover therefore from the intellectual cognitive pv he loves discussions is fascinated by the personality of stephen Stephen is an intellectual, he denies space for emotions, he is all spirit and brain, little body and his subconscious is very deep and different from the others; attentive to the sensations, he does not listen to them. The first idea of the book came to Joyce long before and (he's been writing this for 8 years) he wanted to write an epic poem about the modern hero (the opposite to the old hero, not the classical hero). The typical modern anti hero: the idea of writing about the common ... Second idea is the fact that our human nature (physiologist) is contain in every: we don't reveal our character on very difficult moment always we'll be out psychologist. We live out character in every moment of our life: our Phsyche is contain in every single moment. Biologyst is not only the cell but more. In every single moment in our behavior we review our nature. Not looking for important story to go deep in our psychologists. Se vuoi conoscere la verità questa è sempre presente non si devono cercare fatti straordinari ma concentrati su qualsiasi momento: dalla filosofia, Ulisse crea lo stile modernista (fusione tra due opposti: naturalistico iperrealista e simbolista) (colonna sx.) 16th June 1904 the day when Joyce meets his future wife. Ha avuto un'estrema cura alla verosimiglianza dei dettagli di qualsiasi cosa. Non si tratta il fatto che sia la vera Dublino, ma attento che i peregrinavi di Leopold o Stephen avvengano nel momento adatto. Connected to the idea of time of Bergson: our memory remain only things that it's important. The modern novel takes into account all the suggestions that come from philosophy and relativism, the collapse of shared systems and some discoveries (cultural anthropology) that underline the fact that there is no longer any concept of unique and shared and all this leads to an extreme of subjectivity: therefore the narrator disappears because he gives the point of view and therefore establishes a shared perspective. The physical phenomenon is influenced by the viewer: objectivity is therefore not entirely there. The theory of relativity has made certainties collapse by passing the physics of the past to the modern one. There will be the effect that recalls a little cubism: Picasso forms non-cohesive paintings which is a little bit the vision of society no longer a coherent cohesive organ. it is a simplistic reading; we try to identify social phenomena but they are reading that try to find points in common. The age of relativity / modern: step ahead of reality other systems were simplistic. Symbolism: how symbolistic elements are seen through the epiphany and literary characteristics. The contrast between modernity and classical myth: myth is a communal reading of reality; Classical Greece never existed a kingdom and what kept Athens and Sparta together was the fact that they believed in the same things and inserted into the same society. it is the link between universal and single. Myth is an extremely unifying system and a symbolic reading of reality and compares it as a possible reading in two senses: contrast the points in common Ulysses is a complete man (a Leopold) is often humiliated and does not care, he is not the hero but like Odysseus that is the well-rounded man who has experienced all the phases of life: he was not only virtuous Achille ulysses otherwise he has behaviors of cowardice important for the heroic version as in classical tragedy, that is, he must have defects otherwise he would not be a man and the reader would not be identified if he were too virtuous, good and good. In common they have a great knowledge of humanity and the tolerance to accept it (Leopold superior to others because he understands, knows everyone, but otherwise he does not act out of prejudice and accepts the limitations of others and as regards himself the behavior of his wife and outsiders. . Tolerance and patience are important virtues. Each chapter has its own style and for this reason it is considered more important than the years: different chapters (expressionist, in music, specular, narrated with a progression of styles from the most primitive to the most modern tells the visit to the hospital and using the birth of the modern style, geometric question and answer). For this reason it is said that each chapter has its own character and this is very reminiscent of the morality plays in which abstract things are personified. The book is circular because it can be read from anywhere. The themes: - artist and the citizen: Stephen intransigent, free and who pursues freedom at all costs and the citizen inclined to compromise but it is because he has accepted his limit, tolerance patience acceptance both exiles because Stephen has chosen him and the citizen has two ways . Somehow he is different from the others (chap. Nationalist Polyphemus) refuses to join the usual club chatter. They are outcasts different from the crowd in a different way (one young, the other middle-aged man with a different personality more curious. - son and father Leopold has a family crisis that began when their son died and from that moment he has lived in the constant trauma of loss and is looking for a son knowing Stephen distantly likes him with respect to the truth and tries to know him: he would be a son educational and Stephen is looking for a father because his has never been an example never had a meaningful relationship (lack of mother figure) recognizes in him his father has his own maturity - dignity and can be his father.