la dinastia dei tudors, Appunti di Inglese

Scarica la dinastia dei tudors e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! HENRY VII (1485-1509) he came to the monarchy after a period of weak monarchy and civil war (the Wars of the Roses) he was determined to make the monarchy rich and strong: he got royal lands back from the Church and confiscated the lands of the noblemen who had been defeated or had died without heirs; he personally supervised finance and he was against wars because he wanted to avoid any unnecessary expense his foreign policy was cautious: he married his son Arthur to the Spanish princess, Catherine of Aragon, and two of his daughters to the kings of France and Scotland. When Arthur died, Catherine married the younger of Henry VII’s son, the future Henry VIII he sponsored John Cabot to explore Eastern America and planted the Tudor flag in Nova Scotia Erasmus of Rotterdam brought the Humanism of the Renaissance to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge HENRY VIII (1509-1547) he was extravagant, in marked contrast with his father’s cautious policies: he resumed the expensive wars with France and he left the a airs of state to his chancellor, Cardinal Wolseyff he wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon for two reasons: 1. the queen was forty, five years older than Henry and she had only given him a daughter, Mary; Henry was afraid that the succession of a woman to the throne would bring the return of a civil war 2. after the divorce, Henry hoped to marry his mistress, Anne Boleyn when pope Clemente VII refused to grant a divorce, Henry divorced Catherine, married Anne Boleyn and he declared himself “Supreme Head of the Church” in England by means of the Act of Supremacy (1534). The new Anglican Church was born Thomas Cromwell, the most powerful of the king’s ministers, persuaded the king to suppress the monasteries and seize their wealth. The land was sold to new men with money. So, the new merchant class had access to a landed status EDWARD VI (1547-1553) and MARY I (1553-1558) Anne Boleyn bore him a daughter, Elizabeth; Anne was later accused of treason and executed in 1536 Henry went on to have four more wives and one son, Edward, later Edward VI, from Jane Seymour in 1547 Edward VI succeeded his father at the age of nine in 1549 the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, wrote the Book of Common Prayer (in English) which replaced the old Latin book of prayers and which was made compulsory with the Act of Uniformity the forms of worship and the furnishings of churches became much simpler, since statues, pictures and candles were considered distractions from praying and reading the Bible in 1553 Edward died from consumption and Mary, the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, became queen she devoted herself to the restoration of the Catholic religion in England MARY I she married Philip II of Spain, hoping that Philip would help her in the di cult task of restoring Catholicismffi while Philip looked for the support of England since he was troubled by discontent in Holland and was at war with France Mary was called “Bloody Mary” because all those Protestants who refused to convert to Catholicism were burned at the stake ELIZABETH I (1558-1603) Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn’s daughter she was twenty-five and had a strong personality, a lively intelligence and a passionate character she had received an excellent education: she could speak French, Latin and Italian she consolidated the Reformation by reintroducing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity she wasn’t a radical Protestant with strong religious views. For this reason she took the title of “Supreme Governor” instead of “Supreme Head” of the Church of England; she retained bishops and archbishops who were to be appointed by the queen; she allowed tolerance as regarded ornament in churches and ceremonies she was unmarried and used this as a political weapon. She said “the queen was married to her people” and became the “Virgin Queen” she inspired literature, music, drama and poetry ELIZABETH I she did everything to save the monarchy from bankruptcy. She supported sea-captains like Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh in their pirate ventures against Spanish ships she recognised Spain as her main trade rival and enemy. For this reason, she helped the Dutch who were in rebellion against Philip II in 1558 Philip II launched the Spanish Armada against England but it was defeated. Elizabeth’s reign reached its peak of glory and national unity