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Word stress • Syllables have different prominence. • Polysyllabic words > pronounced in citation form (isolation) • One syllable is more prominent than the other(s) > stress /accent • The stressed syllable is identified by a stress mark [ˈ] BEFORE the syllable • E.g. /ˈjestədeɪ/ • E.g. /təˈmɒrəʊ/ Difficult to define rules for word stress → many exceptions Longer words and compound words Secondary stress [ˌ] /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ /ˌkɒnsənˈtreɪʃən/ Identify the stressed syllable in these words: politics wombat become algebra internet window butcher promise /ˈpɒlɪtɪks/ /ˈwɒmbət/ /bɪˈkʌm/ /ˈældʒɪbrə/ /ˈɪntəˌnet/ /ˈwɪndəʊ/ /ˈbʊtʃə/ /ˈprɒmɪs/ WORD STRESS GUIDELINES English stress is only partly governed by rules It’s important to note and memorize the stress patterns of new words Words with two or three syllables • Primary stress on first syllable: ˈculture, ˈ hesitant, ˈ motivate Words with four or more syllables • Tendency for stress on the antepenultimate syllable: crediˈbility, comˈmunicate, methodoˈlogical How to refer to syllables We usually refer to syllables by counting back from the end of the word Rho . do . den. dron ultimate penultimate antepenultimate Pre-antepenultimate Principles to place stress Nouns • police /pəˈliːs/ → long vowel • delight /dɪˈlaɪt/ → diphthong Final syllable which contains a long vowel or diphthong accepts stress BUT differently from verbs • Abstract /ˈæbstrækt/ → short vowel + coda of two consonants • Linguist /ˈlɪŋɡwɪst/ → short vowel + coda of two consonants Final syllable which contains a short vowel + coda of two consonants rejects stress This explains the difference in stress in noun-verb pairs like contest /ˈkɒntest/ to contest /kənˈtest/ Object /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/ to object /əbˈdʒekt/ Present /ˈprezənt/ to present /prɪˈzent/ Content /ˈkɒntent/ content (adj) /kənˈtent/ WORD ENDINGS Some word endings can ‘attract’ a pattern of stress Stress on the ending -ade (nouns) paˈrade -ain (verbs) abˈstain -ee (nouns) intervieˈwee -eer engiˈneer -esque (adj/nouns) groˈtesque -ess (verbs) assˈess -ette (nouns) statuˈette -ique (nouns/adj) criˈtique -self/selves herˈself (Collins, Mees and Carley 2019: 133) Architecture memorabilia Celebration Personality communication Engineering Interference singlehandedly ˈarchiˌtecture ˌmemoraˈbilia ˌceleˈbration ˌpersoˈnality coˌmmuniˈcation ˌengiˈneering ˌinterˈference ˌsingleˈhandedly Identify primary (and secondary, where applicable) stress in the following words Transcribe the following words and indicate primary and secondary stress universal career police giraffe economy Transcribe the following words and indicate primary and secondary stress universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəl/ career /kəˈrɪə/ police /pəˈliːs/ giraffe /dʒɪˈrɑːf/ economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/
