La Rivoluzione Industriale, Appunti di Inglese

Scarica La Rivoluzione Industriale e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! The industrial revolution The 18th was characterised by a number of significant revolutionary movements which occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas and it was called as the age of revolutions. The Age of Revolutions includes the American Revolution, the French Revolution with the diffusion of the ideas of freedom and equality in Europe, the Agrarian and Industrial Revolutions. During the Agricultural revolution of 16th -17th which happened gradually, the soil was made more fertile and animals started being chosen carefully in order to produce more meat so the population was better fed and they increased. The Industrial Revolution was due to the invention of machines and the construction of canals and railways to carry goods and this process changed Britain from an agricultural to an industrial country. there were some innovations:  Thomas Newcomen invented a steam engine in 1712 and it was was originally applied to power the machines used to pump water out of mine shafts.  The ‘Spinning Jenny’ was an engine for spinning wool or cotton invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves  Water frame of Richard Arkwright used the power of water  James Watt’s steam engine was very similar to Newcomen’s, but it required less fuel to run and it was more efficient. As a result of the steam engine, lots of factories were built on coal and iron fields of Lancashire, Yorkshire, South and central Scotland and South Wales.  Edmund Cartwright’s loom (telatio) in 1787 linked cloth manufacture to water and steam power. As a result, cheaper products met the growing demand for goods. The industrial revolution was successful thanks also to the construction of roads and waterways that allowed the transport of less expensive goods than before With the industrialization process factories were built and the population moved from the countryside to the cities to look for work and then became workers. Early factory were located in the countryside so that they could exploit powers from rivers. Slowly they build mushroom cities which are small towns where they lived. These workers were in a terrible condition because where they lived there was no hygiene with dirty water and air and they worked many hours a day, (11/12 hours). For all these reasons the workers drank a lot and they were very fatigued therefore theirs did not live above 20 years with an increase in the mortality rate. Women and children are heavily employed in these factory jobs because they can get paid less and are easy to control. Moreover, children have a smaller build so they can move more easily between the machines. By the early 19th century, England had more than a million child workers in factory. They weren't paid – simply fed and given dormitory accommodation. In the 19th century because of the new technologies and the Napoleonic wars, the level of unemployment rose.