La Rivoluzione Industriale in Inghilterra, Appunti di Inglese

Scarica La Rivoluzione Industriale in Inghilterra e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! In the 18th century England saw a revolution from agrarian society to an industrial one. This phenomenon would be known as the “Industrial Revolution'' that was supported by the Agricultural Revolution. In an agrarian society people lived in open fields villages, but the rise of capitalism replaced them with enclosed paddocks owned by private ownership of land. Afterwards this event a lot of craftmen started inventing new things such as the Townshend Crop Rotation. Charles Townshend introduced the Dutch four crop rotation system that prevented land from lying fallow and both turnips and clover were fodder crops. This helped to have more food available and to encourage farmers to invest in new machines and technologies. Many of these innovations, such as the flying shuttle, established interests. So it is not strange that the Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain because people believed in a protestant work ethic, which emphasizes diligence, discipline, and frugality as a result of a person’s acceptance to the values of the Protestant faith. This concept is the main theme of Max Weber’ book, in which he sustains that “work” was also a vocation to follow. In his opinion all the protestant ethic is the basis of capitalism that can be born just in a country where a reform has been made. In a pre-reformation Europe, this wouldn’t be possible because the Church would have suppressed these innovations as dangerous to the existing religious and social order. But the dethroning of the Catholic Church removed such institutional barriers, so it was possible for these innovations to grow. One of the main innovations is connected to the textile revolution and it’s the “flying shuttle”. Made by John Kay in 1733, in this new technology a broad-cloth loom could now be worked by a single labor. Until this point the textile industry had required four spinners to service one weaver. The flying shuttle exceeded the capacity of the spinning industry of the day and promoted the development of powered spinning machines. On the other side lots of workers lost their jobs because their hands were not needed any more. So at the end “industrial revolution” had both negative and positive effects. Unfortunately some people have lost their jobs and they had to move to find fortune. But on the other hand this event helped the increase of people in cities, the so called “urbanization”. These workers had also to find new jobs so even the employment growed.