LETTERATURA INGLESE THE SHORT STORY Riassunto letteratura inglese, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Inglese

Scarica LETTERATURA INGLESE THE SHORT STORY Riassunto letteratura inglese e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! PROSE AND FICTION PROSE IS THE MEDIUM WE NORMALLY USE TO COMMUNICATE. IT’S OUR WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE THAT IS NOT IN VERSE. FICTION IS THE TERM USED FOR BOTH THE NOVEL AND THE SHORT STORY AND INCLUDES SEVERAL KINDS OF PROSE: DESCRIPTIVE PROSE, DIALOGUE AND MONOLOGUE, HISTORICAL PROSE, SCIENTIFIC PROSE, JOURNALISTIC PROSE, APISTOLARY PROSE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL OR BIOGRAPHICAL PROSE. NOVEL IS A LONG STORY IN PROSE A SHORT STORY IS A STORY THAT IS SHORTER THAN A NOVEL THE MAIN STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROSE ARE: STORY AND PLOT, SETTING, CHARACTER, NARRATOR AND POINT OF VIEW. A STORY IS THE DESCRIPTION OF A CONNECTED SERIES OF EVENTS, TRUE OR IMAGINED, WHICH INVOLVE ONE OR MORE CHARACTERS AND SETTINGS THE PLOT IS THE WAY IN WHICH THE EVENTS OF THE STORY ARE ORGANIZED. THEY CAN BE TOLD IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OR IN MIXED ORDER FLASHBACK IS A SHORT PART OF THE STORY DESCRIBING PAST EVENTS FLASH FORWARD IS A SHORT PART OF THE STORY DESCRIBING FUTURE EVENTS SETTING IS THE PLACE WHERE THE STORY HAPPENS AND THE TIME WHEN THE STORY HAPPENS. THE SETTING CAN BE A TRUE OR INVENTED BACKGROUND, MAY INCLUDE OURDOOR SCENERY OR INTERIORS. CHARACTER IS A PERSON REPRESENTED IN A STORY. THERE ARE MAIN CHARACTERS AND SECONDARY CHARACTERS. SOME CHARACTERS ARE TYPES (FIXED FIGURES) AND SOME OTHERS ARE REALISTIC (REAL MEN AND WOMEN) ROUND CHARACTER IS A DYNAMIC CHARACTER WHICH SHOWS PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. THEY HAVE A COMPLEX PERSONALITY AND LEARN FROM THEIR EXPERENCES. THEY ARE UNPREDICTABLE. THEY ARE REALISTIC. FLAT CHARACTER IS A STATIC CHARACTER WHICH SHOWS NO EVOLUTION. THEY HAVEN’T A COMPLEX PERSONALITY. THEY ARE PREDICTABLE. THEY ARE UNCOMPLICATED. NOVELIST IS THE PERSON WHO WRITES THE STORY. NARRATOR IS THE PERSON WHO NARRATES THE STORY. THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF NARRATORS WITH DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW. A FIRST PERSON NARRATOR SPEAKS AS “I” AND CAN BE THE MAIN CHARACTER OR AN EXTERNAL NARRATOR. IT’S USED IN LETTERS AND DIARIES. THE THIRD PERSON NARRATOR IS NOT PART OF THE STORY. HE INTRODUCES THE CHARACTERS AND DESCRIBES WHAT HAPPENS IN THE STORY. HE CAN MAKE COMMENTS OR NOT. OBSTRUSIVE NARRATOR IS THE NARRATOR WHO MAKES COMMENTS UNOBSTRUSIVE NARRATOR IS THE NARRATOR WHO DOESN’T MAKE ANY COMMENTS OMNISCENT NARRATOR IS THE ALL KNOWING NARRATOR. HE KNOWS EVERYTHING ABOUT THE CHARACTERS AN THE STORY NON OMNISCENT NARRATOR IS THE NARRATOR WHO TELLS THE STORY FROM THE OUTSIDE WITHOUT GIVING ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS THE SHORT STORY THE SHORT STORY IS WRITTEN IN ARTISTIC PROSE, IS SHORT AND CAREFULLY CONSTRUCTED. THE SHORT STORY IS BASED ON A MORE OR LESS COMPLEX STORY, ACTED BY CHARACTERS, AND TOLD BY A FIRST OR THIRD PERSON NARRATOR. STYLE AND STRUCTURE ARE ESSENTIALS. IT USUALLY BEGINS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SITUATION (IN MEDIA RES). THE NOVEL A NOVEL IS A LONG STORY WRITTEN IN ARTISTIC PROSE. IN A NOVEL WE FIND A STORY WITH A PLOT, SOME CHARACTERS, SOME SETTINGS, THE NARRATOR WITH HIS POINT OF VIEW. THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF NOVEL WITH DIFFERENT SIZES WHICH CAN BE CALLED SUBGENRES: THE UTOPIAN NOVEL, THE SCIENCE-FICTION NOVEL, THE HISTORICAL NOVEL, THE PICARESQUE NOVEL, THE EPISTOLARY NOVEL AND THE FANTASY NOVEL. UTOPIAN NOVEL IS AN ANCIENT GENRE WHICH REFERS TO CLASSICAL LITERATURE OR TO THOMAS MORE’S UTOPIA. OLD UTOPIAN NOVELS WANTED TO REPRESENT AN IDEAL WORLD WHILE MODERN UTOPIAN NOVELS (DYSTOPIAN) SHOWS A TYRANNICAL WORLD SCIENCE FICTION NOVEL IS BASED ON FUTURE OR RECENT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND TELLS ABOUT IMAGINARY WORLDS, SPACE TRAVELS OR LIFE ON OTHER PLANETS. THE STORY SHOWS THE EFFECT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON MAN. HISTORICAL NOVEL IS SET IN PAST TIME. THE CHARACTERS LIVE GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS WHICH HAVE A MEANING FOR CONTEMPORARY LIFE. PICARESQUE NOVEL IS ABOUT YOUNG PEOPLE’S ADVENTURES ON THE ROAD. THE NAME DERIVES FROM THE SPANISH PICARO, A VAGABOND WHO SURVIVES THANKS TO HIS INTELLIGENCE AND COURAGE. HIS ADVENTURES ARE VERY COMIC. EPISTOLARY NOVEL IS MADE UP OF LETTERS FANTASY NOVEL IS SET IN IMAGINARY LANDS WITH IMAGINARY AND MAGICAL CHARACTERS. ANGLO-SAXON BRITAIN AND THE GERMAN HERITAGE THE ANGLO SAXON INVASION THE ROMANS LEFT BRITAIN IN 410 AND NORTHERN TRIBES BEGAN TO INVADE BRITAIN. THE ANGLES, SAXONS AND JUTES CAME FROM GERMANY AND JUTLAND. THE BRITONS FOUGHT AGAINST THE INVADERS AND IN THAT PERIOD WAS BORN THE LEGEND OF KING ARTHUR. THE GERMANIC ELEMENT THE INVADERS WEREN’T UNITED IN A POLITICAL SENSE BUT THEY ALL SHARED A GERMANIC HERITAGE. THEY WERE WARRIORS AND THE KING HAD TO RISK HIS LIFE IN BATTLE. THIER VALUES WERE LOYALTY AND GENEROSITY. GERMANIC SOCIETY WAS ARISTOCRATIC AND IT WAS RELED ONLY BY MEN. ANGLO SAXON SOCIETY THE ANGLO SAXONS WERE DIVIDED INTO SMALL KINGDOMS: NORTHUMBRIA, MERCIA, KENT AND WESSEX. THEIR VILLAGES WERE SELF SUFFICIENT. THE MOST IMPORTANT CITY WAS CANTERBURY WHICH WAS THE CENTRE OF CHRISTIANITY. THE CHRISTIAN INFLUENCE IN THE 7TH CENTURY, ENGLAND WAS A CHRISTIAN COUNTRY. MONASTERIES WERE CULTURAL CENTRES. CHRISTIANITY BROUGHT THE IDEA OF WRITTEN LITERATURE TO ENGLAND. LITERATURE WAS IN LATIN AND THE VENERABLE BEDE (A MONK AND POET FROM NORTHUMBRIA) WAS THE FIRST TO WRITE A HISTORY OF BRITAIN. THE VIKING INVASIONS THE VIKINGS STARTED TO INVADE BRITAIN IN 800. THEY CAME FROM SCANDINAVIA ON THEIR LONG AND FAST SHIPS. THEY WERE GREAT SAILORS, EXPERT TRADERS, FISHERMEN AND FARMERS. THEY WERE IN SEARCH OF NEW LANDS AND TREASURES. KING ALFRED THE GREAT FOUGHT AGAINST THEM BUT AT THE END OF THE WAR ENGLAND WAS DIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS. THE NORTH AND THE MIDLANDS WERE ASSIGNED TO THE VIKINGS AND THAT AREA WAS CALLED THE DANELAW. A CENTURY LATER, THE DANISH KING CANUTE BECAME KING OF THE WHOLE OF ENGLAND. THE TREASURE OF SUTTON HOO LOCATION: SUTTON HOO IS LOCATED FEW MILES FROM THE SUFFOLK COAST IN ENGLAND. PERIOD: IN 1939 THE ARCHEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED IN A MOUND THE SHIP BURIAL OF A NOBLEMAN. PROBABLY KING RAEDWALD. WHAT IS IT: SUTTON HOO IS THE SITE OF 2 ANGLO SAXONS CEMETERIES OF 6TH AND 7TH CENTURY. WHAT IS THE MOUND: IT IS A BURIAL CHAMBER WHO DID BELONG TO: THE SHIP BURIAL BELONGED TO A NOBLEMAN, PROBABLY KING RAEDWALD. SOME OF THE TREASURES: THE SHIP CONTAINED MANY ANGLO SAXONS ARTIFACTS IN GOLD, SILVER AND IRON: A SWORD, A SHIELD, A WARRIOR’S HELMET, A LYRE, MANY SILVER PLATES, TWO SILVER SPOONS WITH THE NAMES OF 2 APOSTELS BEOWULF: IS AN HEROIC OLD ENGLISH POEM SET IN SOUTHERN SWEDEN. A LANGUAGE IN THE MAKING (3 PHASES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE, OLD ENGLISH AND A STRANGE LOOKING LANGUAGE) THE HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE SPOKEN AND WRITTEN IN ENGLAND IS DIVIDED INTO 3 PERIODS: OLD ENGLISH FROM 5TH CENTURY TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST IN 1066, MIDDLE ENGLISH FROM 1066 TO THE END OF 15TH CENTURY AND MODERN ENGLISH. OLD ENGLISH WAS A GERMANIC LANGUAGE, IT CONTAINED WORDS IN LATIN AND WAS VERY INFLECTED. MOST CONTEMPORARY IRREGULAR VERBS WERE REGULAR IN OLD ENGLISH. ANGLO-SAXON POETRY AND PROSE HAVE SOME STRANGE LETTERS CALLED RUNES. RUNES ARE LETTERS OF AN OLD ALPHABET USED BY GERMAN AND SCANDINAVIAN TRIBES. THE LATIN ALPHABET WAS INTRODUCED IN ENGLAND BY IRISH MISSIONARIES IN THE 7TH CENTURY. THE ORAL TRADITION (ORAL LITERATURE, EPIC AND DIDACTIC POETRY, ALLITERATION, KENNINGS AND RIDDLES) FOR THOUSAND OF YEARS THE TRADITIONAL MEDIUM OF LITERATURE WAS THE SPOKEN WORD. POEMS (SONGS, BALLADS, LYRICS, EPIC POEMS) TALES AND THE STORIES OF MITH WERE RECITED BY STORY-TELLERS. IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD THE BARDS (THE EPIC SINGER) AND THE SCOPS (THE SINGERS OF TALES) RECITED THE POEMS FROM MEMORY. IN ANGLO-SAXON BRITAIN THE KING WANTED TO CELEBRATE HIS GLORIOUS DEEDS IN POETRY TO REACH ETERNAL FAME. THE POETIC GENRE USED WAS THE EPIC. THE MOST FAMOUS EXAMPLE OF ANGLO-SAXON EPIC IS BEOWULF. BEOWULF IS THE FINEST POEM IN OLD ENGLISH AND CAN BE COMPARED TO ILIAD. ANOTHER FAMOUS EPIC POEM IS THE SEAFARER THAT CAN BE COMPARED TO ODYSSEY. ALGLO-SAXON POETRY WAS DIDACTIC BECAUSE THEY TOLD EXAMPLES TO FOLLOW. ANGLO-SAXON POETRY USES ALLITTERATION (THE REPETITION OF THE SAME INITIAL CONSONANT IN DIFFERENT WORDS WITHIN A SINGLE LINE), KENNING (COMPOUND METAPHOR USED AS EPITHETS LIKE “WHALE’S ROAD” AND “SWAN’S PATH”), RIDDLES (SHORT DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTS AS THE ITALIAN INDOVINELLO). BEOWULF (GERMANIC LEGEND IN OLD ENGLISH POETRY, THE HEROIC IDEAL, THE STORY) BEOWULF IS THE FIRST GRAT EXAMPLE OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. BEOWULF IS AN EPIC POEM COMPOSED IN THE 8TH CENTURY. IT CAME TO US IN THE 10TH CENTURY. BEOWULF DEALS WITH THE DANES AND THE GEATS, 2 SCANDINAVIAN TRIBES. THE EVENTS RELATES BACK TO THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURY AFTER THE INVASION OF ENGLAND BY ANGLES, SAXONS AND JUTES IN 449. BEOWULF DESCRIBES THE HEROIC IDEAL AND THE HEROIC QUALITIES: STRENGHT, COURAGE AND LOYALTY. THE TONE IS EPIC BUT MIXED WITH CHRISTIAN IDEALS. THE POEM TELLS THE DEEDS OF BEOWULF, NEPHEW OF THE KING OF THE GEATS. HE GOES TO HELP THE KING OF DENMARK AGAINST THE MONSTER GRENDEL. BEOWULF KILLS THE MONSTER AND HIS MOTHER. 50 YEARS LATER HE FIGHTS AGAINST A DRAGON AND KILLS IT BUT LOSES HIS LIFE. BRANO PAG.63: IN THIS PART OF THE POEM, THE HERO BEOWULF SAILS THE BALTIC SEA TO REACH THE LAND INFESTED BY THE MONSTER GRENDEL. WE FIND THE POWER OF THE LANGUAGE, THE RHYTHM AND THE USE OF ALLITTERATION. THE NORMANS IN 1066 THE DUKE WILLAM OF NORMANDY CONQUERED ENGLAND AFTER THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS. THE NORMANS WERE VIKINGS BUT THEY WERE SUBJECTS OF THE FRENCH KING AND THEY SPOKE THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR INTRODUCED INTO ENGLAND THE NORMAN FEUDAL SYSTEM.. DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, THE POWER OF THE CHURCH WAS IMMENSE: IT WAS BOTH SPIRITUAL AND TEMPORAL. DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY II THERE WAS THE FIRST CLASH BETWEEN THE CROWN AND THE CHURCH. THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, THOMAS BECKET, OPPOSED THE KING AND SPENT 6 YEARS IN EXILE IN FRANCE. WHEN HE CAME BACK TO ENGLAND HE WAS MURDERED IN THE CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL BY 4 KING’S KNIGHTS. HE WAS MADE MARTYR AND SAINT. AFTER HENRY II, HIS SON RICHARD I CALLED LIONHEART BECAME KING. HE JOINED THE THIRD CRUSADE AND THEN WENT TO FRANCE TO DEFEND HIS LAND FROM THE FRENCH KING PHILIP II. HE IS CONSIDERED A LEGEND FOR HIS COURAGE. AFTER RICHARD BECAME KING HIS BROTHER JOHN CALLED LACKLAND. HE LOST NORMANDY AND THE OTHER LANDS IN FRANCE. HE PUT HEAVY TAXES ON NOBLES, CITIZENS AND CLERGY. IN 1215 HE WAS FORCED TO SIGN THE MAGNA CHARTA WHICH CONTAINS THE MAINS CIVIL RIGHTS. THESE RIGHTS CONCERNED ONLY THE NOBLES AND FREEMEN. DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY III THERE WAS AN IMPORTANT INNOVATION IN THE PARLIAMENT. IN THE ORIGIN THE PARLAMENT WAS FORMED BY THE HOUSE OF LORDS COMPOSED BY NOBILITY AND CLERGY. THEN 2 REPRESENTATIVES FROM EACH BOROUGH WERE CALLED TO FORM THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS THE SEATS WERE HEREDITARY, IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS THE MEMBERS WERE ELECTED. ONLY FEW PEOPLE HAD THE RIGHT TO VOTE. WOMEN DIDN’T HAVE. WARS AND SOCIAL REVOLT THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453) THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE STARTED IN 1337 WHEN EDWARD III CLAIMED THE THRONE OF FRANCE. THE ENGLISH KING HENRY V WON THE BATTLE OF AGINCOURT IN 1415. DURING THE WAR THERE WAS THE BLACK DEATH AND ONE THIRD OF THE ENGLISH POPULATION DIED. DURING THE REIGN OF THE ENGLISH KING RICHARD VI, THE FRENCH OBTAINED A LOT OF VICTORIES THANKS TO JOAN OF ARC. IN 1453 THE WARS ENDED. ENGLAND HAD LOST ALL LANDS IN FRANCE EXCEPT CALAIS. THE WARS OF THE 2 ROSES (1454-1485) THE WARS OF THE 2 ROSES WAS A CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE 2 NOBLE HOUSES OF YORK AND LANCASTER. THE SYMBOL OF THE LANCASTER WAS THE RED ROSE, THE SYMBOL OF THE YORK WAS THE WHITE ROSE. THE WARS WERE WON BY HENRY TUDOR OF THE LANCASTER DYNASTY WHO DEFEATED RICHARD III OF THE YORK DYNASTY IN THE BATTLE OF BOSWORTH IN 1485 AND BECAME HENRY VII OF ENGLAND. THIS EVENT IS CONSIDERED THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE BEGINNING OF A NEW PERIOD CALLED THE RENAISSANCE.