Lingua e Traduzione - Lingua Inglese II, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

Scarica Lingua e Traduzione - Lingua Inglese II e più Appunti in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! INGLESE Il Introducing translation studies CAPITOLO 1 Main issues of translation studies Translation today has several meanings: 1) Thegeneral.subject.field or phenomenon; 2) The\product: 3) The:process.of producing.the translation, otherwise know as translating(service). Translation was literature. The discipline owes much to the work of James Si Holmòs who proposed both a name and a structure for the field, but the context has now advanced. The interrelated branches of theoretical, descriptive and applied translation studies initially structured research. or as a part of comparative or ST) Wine original verbol anguece ((SOURCE, “LANGUAGE or SL}'into'a written text (TARGET TEXT or TT) ina different verbal language (TARGET.LANGUAGE or TL) SOURCE TEXT (ST) TARGET TEXT (TT) in SOURCE LANGUAGE (SL) =» in TARGET LANGUAGE (TL) There are 3 categories of translation (described by Jakobson): 3INTRALINGUAL translatian;or:'rewording' -.aninterpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the-same language; “INTERLINGUAL , or translation proper' -*am'interpretation'of'verbal'signs by means of “somerotherlanguage. The traditional ST-TT configuration is the most prototypical of interlingual translation; i in'- an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of È CAPITOLO 2 Translation theory before the twentieth century The distinction between WORD'FOR'WORD"Iliteral) and 'SENSE FOR'SENSE' (free)translation The 'interpreter’ is:seen as being the literal {Word for word) translator, while the ‘orator' tried to. Serome ih rst aus of al wstem ra The sense for sense approach, on other hand, allowed the sense or content of the ST to be translated. Early western theorists tended to be translator who presented a justification for their approach ina preface to the translation. They are often portrayed as paying little attention to what others before them have written. For instance, Hung and Pollard used similar terms when describing the history of Chinese translation of Buddhist sutras from Sanskrit. Later, Schleiermacher's respect for the foreign text was to have considerable influence over Spolsredn modern time. Sschsveti. CAPITOLO 3 Equivalence and equivalent effect Important questions of translation raised by linguistics in 19508 and 19608. Jakobson goes on to'examine key issues of this type of translation, notably LINGUISTIC MEANING and EQUIVALENCE. Jakobson follows the theory of language proposed by Saussure, who distinguished between the linguistic system (LANGUE) and specific individual utterances (PAROLE). Central to his theory ot langue, he differentiated between the 'signifier’ (the spoken and written signal) and the 'signified' (the concept), which together create the linguistic SIGN. Jakobson then moves on to consider the thorny problem of EQUIVALENCE IN MEANING between words in different languages. For Jakobson, cross-linguistic differences, which underlie the concept of EQUIVALENCE, center around obligatory grammatical and lexical forms. LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALISM considers that, although language may differ in the way they convey meaning and in the surface realizations of that meaning, there is a shared way of thinking and experiencing the world. LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY or DETERMINISM in its strongest form claims that differences in languages shape different concaptualizations of the world. The question of TRANSLATABILITY, from the 1940s onwards when he was translating and organizing the Nida incorporates key features of Chomsky's madel into his 'SCIENCE' OF TRANSLATION. dm encoding the TT. semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of theTT. KERNELS (the basic structural elements out of which language builds its elaborate surface structures) are to be obtained from the ST surface structure by a reductive process of back transformation. When it comes to analyzing individual words, Nida describes various 'scientifie approaches t i i ientifi (e) “LINGUISTICO MEANING: the relationship between linguistic: structures, borrowing elements. of. *Chomsky's model: «REFERENTIAL MEANING: the: denotativièdictionary meaning; «EMOTIVE or CONNOTATIVE MEANING::the.associations.a word produces. orientations' or 'TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE!: 2) DYNAMIG:EQUIVALENGE: later ‘functional’, is based on what Nida calls 'the principle of equivalent effect’, where thewelationship between recepior.and.message.should.be.the.same ‘25 that which existed between the original receptors and message. The message has o be dailored.to.the receptor's linguistic needs and cultural expectation. NATURALNESS' is a key “requirement for Nida.. the success of translation depends above all on achieving equivalent effect or RESPONSE, i i «Making sense; ‘two basic CAPITOLO 5 Functional theories of transiation In the 1970s and 1980s flourished in Germany a functionalist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation. «KATHARINA REISS's work on text type The main characteristics of each test type ara summarizad as follows 1) INFORMATIVE TEXT TYPE. Plain communication of facts (information, knowledge, opinions, etc.). The topic is the main focus. The TT of an informative text should transmit full referential or conceptual content of the ST. 2) EXPRESSIVE TEXT TYPE. Creative composition, aesthetic dimension of language. The TT of an axpressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST. 3) OPERATIVE TEXT TYPE. inducing behaviorai responses: the aim is ta appeal to or to persuade the reader or receiver of the text to act in a certain way, for example to buy a product, The TT of an operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver, 4) AUDIO-MEDIAL TEXTS, such as films and visual and spoken advertisements. Audio-medial texts require what Reiss calls ‘the suppiementary method', supplementing written words with visual images and music. -JUSTA HOLZ-MANTTARI's theory of translatorial action The translatorial action model proposed by Holz-Manttari takes up concepts from communication theory and action theory. Her aim, among others, was ta provide a model and produce guidelines that can be applied to a wide range of professional translation situations. INTERLINGUAL translation is described as 'translatorial action from a source text' and as a communicative process involving a series of roles and players, which are: 1) The initiator: the company or individual who needs the translation, 2) The commissioner: the individual or agency who contacts the translator; 3) The ST producer; 4) The TT producer: the translator; 5) The TT user: the person who uses the TT ax a teacher; 8) The TT recalver: the final recipient of the TT, Translatorial action focuses very much on producing a TT that is FUNCTIONALLY COMMUNICATIVE for the receiver. -VEERMER's skopos theory *“SKOPOS=PURPOSE The basic rules of the theory are: 1) Atranslational action ìs determined by its skopos. 2) Itis an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL. 3) ATT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way. 4) ATT must be internaliy coherent. 5) ATT must be coherent with the ST. 6) The five rules above stand in hierarchical order. The transiator is once again the key player in a process of intercultural communication and production of the Translatum. FUNCTIONAL ADEQUACY: THE COHERENCE RULE (it states that the TT must be translated in such a way that it makes sense for the TT receivers) and THE FIDELITY RULE (it merely states that there must be coherence between the TT and the ST).  «NORD's more detailed text-analysis model Nord's model, designed for training translator, retains the functional context but includes a more detailed text analysis model, More recent technological developments in digital text production have seen the focus shift to more multimodali texts, combining different semiotic modes, and to the creation of a new hybrid web genres. CAPITOLO 8 Discourse and Register analysis approaches DISCOURSE ANALYSIS:STUDI DISCORSIVI In the 1990s discourse analysis came to prominence in translation studies. Discourse analysis looks at the way language communicates meaning and social and power in relations. The model af discourse analysis that has had the greatest influence is Micheal HALLIDAY's systemic functional modei. Is based on what he terms SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS (SFL), is geared to the study of language as communication. It sees meaning in the writer's linguistic choices and, through a detailed grammar, systematicaliy relates these choices to the text's function in a wider sociacuttural framework. In Halliday's model there is a strong interrelation. Between the linguistic choices, the aims of the communication and the sociocultural framework. The SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT in which the text oporates is the highest level and it wili reflect any political, historical or legal conditions and in part conditions the GENRE. Genre itself helps to determine other elements in the systemic framework. The first of these is REGISTER. This should not be confused with the more standard sense of register as formal? informa!. It links the variables of social context to language choices and comprises 3 elements: 1) FIELD: what is being written about; 2) TENOR: who is communicating and to whom; 3) MODE: the form of communication. Each of the variables of register is associated with a strand of meaning. These 3 strand of meaning, known as 'metafunctions', are: 1) IDEATIONAL: provides a representation of the world or an event: 2) INTERPERSONALI: enacts social relationships; 3) TEXTUAL: makes a text hang together in a coherent way. The strands of meaning are formed by the choices of lexis, grammar and syntax (‘lexicogrammar') made by the text producer. The most important point for ST thematic analysis is that the translator should be aware of the RELATIVE MARKEDNESS -> it can help to heighten our awareness of meaningfut choices made by speakers and writers in the course of communication and, therefore, help decide what is appropriate to translate using a marked form, COHESION is produced by the grammaticali and lexical links which help a text hold together. Halliday classifies five types (COHESIVE TIES): 1) Reference 2) Substitution 93) Ellipsis 4) Conjunction (and, but, first, then, finally) 5) Lexical cohesion (produced by a selection of vocabulary) repetitian/collocation Housa's model of register analysis is designed to compare ST-TT pair for situationa] variabfes, genre, function and language, and to identify both the translation method employed (covert or overt) and translation ‘errors’. It has been criticized for its confusing and ‘scientific’ jargon. Works by Baker and Hatim and Mason bring together a range of ideas from pragmatics and sociolinguistics that are relevant for translation and translation analysis. Baker's analysis is particularly useful in focusing on thematic and cohesion structures of a text. 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