Linguistica Inglese 3, Appunti di Linguistica Inglese

Scarica Linguistica Inglese 3 e più Appunti in PDF di Linguistica Inglese solo su Docsity! - Metaphor in the shaping of the news (con esempi) \ le metafore sono state usate per manipolare? It is a figure of speech that we can’t do without, we use it for special effects and it is used in daily conversation too. The word “metaphor” comes from 2 greek root “act and transfer”, this means carrying a word that carries another, beyond the original meaning. ex. Achille was a lion in the fight It is based on a resemblance between the two entities that are compared. Lakoff and Johnson thought that metaphor became a cognitive tool and that it’s no more a device of creative imagination. - Grading and scaling Gradation is concerned with values, which act to provide grading or scaling. Force is linked to the intensity used by the speaker and can be a raised or low intensity (in fact, adverbs of intensification such as a bit/slightly/really can be used as examples) or the verbs adore/love/like etc. Focus is in terms of the preciseness of the focus itself, and can be sharpened (so pure folly type) or blurred and softer (effectively, kindly etc. etc. type) and compared to the intensifiers used by the Force, the Focus tends to use a vaguer language - Reiteration REITERATION is a repetition in a grammatical structure to give emphasis. In our case the most frequent types of NPs are Modifier + Head (false pandemic, pandemic wave, global pandemic) In the following examples pandemic (being both adjective and noun) may be both the Modifier - qualifying the head noun semantically - and the Head noun itself. The determiner may be a definite [the] or indefinite article [a-an], or a demonstrative [this-that], but is almost exclusively the definitive «the». Here, the underlying implication of its meaning stands for a definite and specific, but also for known and 'given' - it suggests that writer and reader are both familiar about the discussed issue (the swine flu vaccine). - Social sanction JUDGEMENTS of Social Sanction involve the domain of right and wrong, which is the system of moral regulation. Both cruelty and dishonesty, for example, are (usually) seen to be in breach of the moral order, or to contradict some set of rules of behaviour. It involves expressing praise or condemnation for someone or something (veracity: honest, dishonest; propriety: moral, immoral) JUDGEMENTS of social esteem involve evaluations under which the person judged will be lowered or raised in the esteem of their community, but which do not have legal or moral implications. It involves expressing admiration or to criticize someone or something (normality: fashionable, odd; capacity: skilled, stupid; tenacity: brave, cowardly) - Judgement Under Judgement, we're concerned with language which criticises or praises, condemns or applauds the behaviour of human individuals and groups. It is vital to say that Judgement, as a system of attitudinal positioning, is, by definition, shaped by the cultural and ideological situation in which it operates. The way people make Judgements about morality, legality, capacity, normality, etc. will always be determined by the culture in which they live and by their own individual experiences, expectations, assumptions, and beliefs. Judgement is divided between what can be termed inscribed (or explicit) Judgement and what we term tokens of Judgement (implicit). Implicit is divided into: - Provoked —> no explicit judgement wordings but other evaluating elements direct the reader to a judgement. - Evoked —> a factual description is likely to lead to some interference of good/bad or appropriate/inappropriate behaviour. - La reification è una strategia analoga alla metafora? Reification con un esempio Reification is the concretization of an abstract idea precisely to give emphasis; it was used with the swine-flu causing panic and terror and the repetition used created a dramatic metaphorical context (because precisely there is the use of metaphor) representing the situation as something catastrophic. - Il direct speech The use of direct speech, suggesting spoken speech, and thus conversationalization is another frequently feature of language, often found in a printed popular medium too. In this case too its use aim to simulate intimacy, to acquire and extend credibility. However, in the popular press conversational style is achieved by many other linguistic features: - simplifications of spelling, or misspelling: to draw attention to pronunciation and to evoke spoken language; - italics or underlining indicate contrastive stress; - lexis or vocabulary in terms of informal, colloquial, including slang idioms = short and incomplete sentences can be used to suggest the illusion of oral mode. - Endorsement (uses of verbs to show, to demonstrate) Endorsed enunciation is the one in which the writer supports or agrees with, it is represented as true, reliable, convincing or at least worthy of consideration. Verbs as to show to demonstrate are used in endorsed utterances. Disendorsed enunciation involves the writer\speaker who distances themselves from the statement, indicating that they take no responsibility for its reliability, This is commonly done using a quoting verb such as to claim, allege. - Personalisation Personalization is the reference to persons. It has a double meaning: firstly it has social implications in background, secondly these elements of naming first names like diminutives or nicknames, are all used to connote the informality and face-to-face discourse. In many cases news about celebrities are recurrent too: they are instrumental in attracting the attention or curiosity of readership. - Affection con un esempio Affect is concerned with emotional reactions and disposition. Example: I feel happy that they’ve come. - L'attribution Intra-vocalisation is when the reader is when there is the internal voice of the reader. Extra-vocalisation is when there is in the text the inclusion of external voice and as a consequence of an external point of view. - Differenza fra attitude e engagement Attitude concerns the speakers’ positive/negative valuation/rating of people, places, things, situations, and their associate emotional/affectual responses. Engagement is essentially a headline under which linguistic resources such as (probabilise, denial ecc) have been grouped. These resources enable the speaker/writer to adjust and negotiate the arguabilty and the dialogistic position of its propositions, with reference to past, present and future communicative exchanges - In che modo le news sono shaped e come riconoscere che una news è shaped The news are shaped because they are a product of an industry. Not all the events of the world are newsworthy, in order to decide if they are or not, we need to consider the public interest that we want to satisfy. There is a selection of the events based on 12 factors (new values) for the news in order to become published. For instance: frequency, threshold, unambiguity, reference to elite nations, people. The more new values an event has, the more probability it has to become a news.