Scarica Linking words and phrases CAE exam Cambridge Advanced English C1 e più Appunti in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES Most pieces of formal writing are organised in a similar way: introduction; development of main ideas or arguments; conclusion. Linking words and phrases join clauses, sentences and paragraphs together. A piece of writing or text may include the following: one idea is linked to another an alternative is presented an objection is made STUDENT FLINDERS UNIVERSITY idea and idea or idea but idea Scaricato da pedro infante (pedro.infante.megalomano@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|15341205 Connectives The main linking words and phrases are grouped below according to the similarity of their meaning to the three basic connectives and, or, but. Some can be used to link paragraphs and others can only be used to link ideas within a paragraph. 1. and a) Listing 1. Enumeration indicates a cataloguing of what is being said. Most lists use clearly defined groups of words: above all last but not least mark the end of an ascending order first and foremost mark the beginning of a descending first and most importantly order 1 enumeration (points in order) a listing 2 addition i reinforcement ii comparison b transition (leads to a new stage) c summary (gives a summary or conclusion) 1 and d reference (refers to what was said before) e example f result (the consequence of what was said before) g place (refers to things in or outside the document) h time (refers to other studies) 2 or i reformulation (expresses something in another way) j replacement (expresses an alternative) 3 but k contrast (presents a different view) l concession (agrees that something is good, with limitations) first, furthermore, finally, one a second a third first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), ... to begin/start with, in the second place, moreover, to conclude, etc. etc. Scaricato da pedro infante (pedro.infante.megalomano@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|15341205 h) Time: 2. or i) Reformulation (expresses something in another way): j) Replacement (expresses an alternative to what has preceded): after a while now afterwards once at last presently at that time previously at the same time shortly before simultaneously currently since earlier soon eventually subsequently finally then formerly thereafter in the meantime until in the past until now initially whenever later while meanwhile better in other words in that case rather that is that is to say to put it (more) simply again alternatively another possibility would be better/worse still on the other hand rather the alternative is Scaricato da pedro infante (pedro.infante.megalomano@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|15341205 3. but k) Contrast l) Concession (indicates that the previous view is accepted with reservations): The information in this leaflet is based on Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik, ‘Sentence Connection’ in A Grammar of Contemporary English from Jordan R R. 1990 Academic Writing Course, 2nd ed., Collins ELT, London; and Parks, A.F., Levernier, J.A. and Hollowell, I. M. 1996, Structuring Paragraphs: A Guide to Effective Writing, Bedford/St. Martin’s, Boston, pp. 117 – 118. by (way of) contrast conversely in comparison in fact in reality instead on the contrary (on the one hand) . . . on the other hand . . . then admittedly in spite of after all naturally all the same nevertheless although no doubt although this may be true nonetheless at the same time notwithstanding besides only despite still doubtless under certain circumstances even if/though up to a point even so while however yet Scaricato da pedro infante (pedro.infante.megalomano@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|15341205
