migration-basic, Slide di Diritto dell'Immigrazione

Scarica migration-basic e più Slide in PDF di Diritto dell'Immigrazione solo su Docsity! Migration Analysis: Basic Information Migration Issues • 1. Types of Migration • What are the major forms of migration? • 2. Selective Migration • Why migration can be considered as a selective process? • 3. Brain Drain • What is the extent of movements of skilled labor? Types of Migration • International Migration • Emigration is an indicator of economic and/or social failures of a society. • Crossing of a national boundary. • Easier to control and monitor. • Laws to control / inhibit these movements. • Between 2 million and 3 million people emigrate each year. • Between 1965 and 2000, 175 million people have migrated: • 3% of the global population. Types of Migration • Internal Migration • Within one country. • Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries. • Movements between states or provinces. • Little government control. • Factors: • Employment-based. • Retirement-based. • Education-based. • Civil conflicts (internally displaced population). 1 Types of Migration • Local Migration • No state boundaries are crossed. • Buying a new house in the same town or city. • Difficult to research since they are usually missed in census data. • Based on change of income or lifestyle. • Often very high levels of local migration. • Americans change residence every 5 to 7 years. Central City Suburb Selective Migration • Context • Many migrations are selective. • Do not represent a cross section of the source population. • Differences: • Age. • Sex. • Level of education. • Age-specific migrations • One age group is dominant in a particular migration. • International migration tends to involve younger people. • The dominant group is between 25 and 45: • Peak age of immigrants is 26. • Studies and retirement are also age-specific migrations: • Emergence of international retirement migration. Selective Migration • Sex-specific migrations • Males: • Often dominant international migrations. • Once established, try to bring in a wife. • Females: • Often dominate rural to urban migrations. • Find jobs as domestic help or in new factories. • Send remittances back home. • Filipino females 17-30 to Hong Kong and Japan. • “Mail-order bride”: • 100,000 – 150,000 women a year advertise themselves for marriage. • About 10,000 available on the Internet at any time. • Mainly from Southeast Asia and Russia. • Come from places in which jobs and educational opportunities for women are scarce and wages are low. 2 Selective Migration • Immigration and jobs • Related to the economic sector. • High level: • Filling high skilled position in science, technology and education. • Not enough highly trained personnel in the US. • Result in recruiting abroad (see brain drain). • Low level: • Filling low paid jobs (minimum wage) that most people do not want (agriculture and low level services). • Maintain low wages in low skilled jobs. • Possibility of an informal economy. Brain Drain • A reverse migration trend • High costs in developed countries. • New opportunities in developing countries. • Part of the offshoring process of many manufacturing and service activities. • Qualified personnel coming back with skills and connections: Migration Explanations • 1. Push - Pull Theory • What are the major “push” and “pull” factors behind migration? • 2. Economic Approaches • How can migration be explained from an economic perspective? • 3. Behavioral Explanations to Migration • How can migration be explained from a human behavior perspective? Push - Pull • Context • Migrations as the response of individual decision- makers. • Negative or push factors in his current area of residence: • High unemployment and little opportunity. • Great poverty. • High crime. • Repression or a recent disaster (e.g., drought or earthquake). • Positive or pull factors in the potential destination: • High job availability and higher wages. • More exciting lifestyle. • Political freedom, greater safety and security, etc. Economic Approaches • (Illegal) Immigration and the welfare state • Welfare policies appear to be promoting illegal immigration. • Welfare: • Creates a disincentive to work among the national population. • Attracts immigrants seeking benefits (e.g. health and education). • Some analysis indicate that low skilled immigrant (illegal or not) cost more than they bring to an economy. • Employment laws (minimum wage, benefits): • Make employing nationals artificially high. • Attracts immigrants that can offer lower wages and no benefits. • Emergence of a significant black labor market used even by large corporations (through subcontracting). • The government, in an attempt to protect U.S. workers, has priced them out of the market. Behavioral Explanations of Migration • Life-cycle factors • Migration linked to events in one’s life. • People in their 30s are the most mobile. • Education, career, and family are being established. • Later in life, flexibility decreases and inertia increases. • Retirement often brings a major change. • Large migrations of retired people have been occurring in the direction of amenities- oriented areas. 25 50 75 Stay with parents Move to college First job Promotion Marriage Retirement Children leave home Loss of mobility Behavioral Explanations of Migration • Migrants as risk-takers • Why, among a population in the same environment (the same push factors), some leave and some stay? • Migrants tend to be greater risk-takers, more motivated, more innovative and more adaptable. • Non-migrants tend to be more cautious and conservative. • Can be used to explain the relative dynamism in some societies, like the USA since the 1800s. • Summary • No one theory of migration can adequately explain this huge worldwide phenomenon. • Each brings a contribution to the understanding of why people move. Definition • Conditions to qualify for refugee status • Political persecution must be demonstrated. • An international boundary must be crossed: • Domestically displaced persons do not qualify. • Protection by one’s government is not seen an alternative: • The government may be the persecutor. • Could be incapable of protecting its citizens from persecution. Definition • Environmental and economic refugees • People who can no longer gain a secure livelihood in their homelands because of what are primarily environmental or economic factors of unusual scope. • Sources: • Natural disaster. • Human alterations to the environment; climate change. • Contamination (pollution) of the environment. • Lack of development and opportunities. • Render continued residence in that particular location unsustainable. • Mozambique, February 2000: • Floods made 1 million people homeless. • Destroyed agricultural land and cattle. Contemporary Evolution • Origins • The first recorded refugees were the Protestant Huguenots who left France to avoid religious persecution. • About 200,000 at the end of the 17th century. • Went to England, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the English colonies in North America. • Pre-WW II and during WW II • Primarily political elites: • Fleeing repression from the new government, which overthrew them. • Usually small in number and often had substantial resources available to them. • War-driven refugees: • About 12% of the European population displaced. • Usually could be expected to repatriate after the war ended. Origins and Destinations of Refugees, 2013 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Red = Origin Green = Destination http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd201 3/CPD%202013%20UNFPA %20Migration%20report%20advance%20unedited%20version. pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_ migration http://www.unfpa.org/pds/migration.htm| http://www.migrationpolicy.org/ http://www. migrationinformation.org/ http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/what-we-do/labour- migration.htm|