Scarica Understanding Operating Systems: Characteristics, Functionalities, and Popular Types e più Slide in PDF di Informatica solo su Docsity! OPERETING SYSTEM WHAT IS AN OPERATION SYSTEM? AND WHAT CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONALITIES DOES IT HAVE? An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. The OS serves as a bridge between the hardware and software, making it possible for applications to interact with the computer hardware. WHAT OPERATING SYSTEMS WE KNOW? WHEN IT WAS CONCEIVED? AND WHAT ARE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS? • Windows: Developed by Microsoft. • macOS: Developed by Apple. • Linux: Developed as a free and open-source operating system. • Android: Developed by Google, first released in 2008 for smartphones and tablets. • iOS: Developed by Apple Inc., first released in 2007 for iPhones. • Solaris: Developed by Sun Microsystems. WHAT TYPES OF INTERFACE EXIST? • Graphical User Interface (GUI): A GUI is a type of interface that allows users to interact with a computer or device using graphical elements such as icons, menus, windows, and buttons. It is the most commonly used interface type in modern computing. • Command Line Interface (CLI): A CLI is a type of interface that requires users to enter commands using a keyboard to perform specific tasks. It is often used by developers and advanced users who prefer a more direct and efficient way of interacting with a computer. PROGRAMMER'S ACTIVITIES: There are two main areas that programmers can specialize in: • Systems Programming: This involves working with computer systems, operating systems, and other low- level software components that interact directly with hardware. Systems programmers create and maintain software that manages computer resources, such as memory, processors, and input/output devices. They also develop system-level applications, such as device drivers, network protocols, and operating systems. • Applications Programming: This involves developing software that end-users interact with, such as web applications, mobile applications, and desktop applications. Applications programmers work on developing the user interface, implementingfeatures, and ensuring the software is user-friendly and functional. WHAT ARE THE PROGRAMMING PHASES? • The programming phases are: • Analysis: In this phase, the problem to be solved is identified, and its requirements are gathered. The programmer analyzes the requirements to determine the necessary inputs, processes, and outputs of the program. • Design: In this phase, the programmer creates a plan or a blueprint for the program. The plan includes the structure of the program, algorithms, data structures, and user interface design. • Coding: In this phase, the actual coding of the program takes place using a programming language. The programmer writes the code based on the design plan. • Testing: In this phase, the program is tested for errors and bugs to ensure that it works as intended. The programmer performs various tests, such as unit testing, integration testing, and system testing, to find and fix errors. • Maintenance: In this phase, the programmer maintains the program by making updates, fixing bugs, and making improvements. Maintenance ensures that the program remains functional and up-to-date with the latest requirements. HOW DID PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES EVOLVE? • The evolution of programming languages began with machine language, followed by assembly language, and then the introduction of the first high-level programming language, Fortran. Other significant languages include COBOL for business applications, BASIC for beginners, C for operating system development, C++ for object-oriented programming, Java for platform portability, Python for simplicity and versatility, and JavaScript for web development. More recently, Apple introduced Swift as a modern and fast programming language. Today, there are hundreds of programming languages designed for specific purposes and contexts. WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES? • Java: Java is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that is designed to be portable across different platforms. • Python: Python is an interpreted, high-level programming language that is known for its simplicity and ease of use. • JavaScript: JavaScript is a scripting language that is used to create interactive web pages and other web- based applications. • PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language that is used to create dynamic web pages. • C++: C++ is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that is often used for systems programming and game development.
