Understanding Verb and Prepositional Phrases: Tenses, Aspect, Modality, Clauses, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Lingua Inglese

Scarica Understanding Verb and Prepositional Phrases: Tenses, Aspect, Modality, Clauses e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! UNIT 1 CATENACCIO - PARTE 2 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES * Prepositional phrases differ from the other types of phrases in that a preposition cannot stand alone as the head word of a phrase. A preposition has to be accompanied by a prepositional complement, typically a noun phrase. ® PPscanconsistof: -Preposition + noun phrase (in the car) -Preposition + adverb (above here) -Preposition + clause (thank you for coming) ® Examples: [a [white]AdjP dress [with [a [dropped]AdjP waistline]NP]PP]NP [the [[rather]AdvP [frightening]]AdjP bats [up under* [the eaves]NP]PP]NP *use of two prepositions in a row! Compare complex/compound prepositions! E.g. out of, because of, relating to... (a [[very] long]AdjP and [boring]AdjP [modern]AdjP novel long and boring >> coordinated AdjPs, “very” may pre-modify “long” ONLY, or both “long” and “boring", and/or.. ) THE VERB PHRASE * Wementionedatthe beginning of the module that the verb phrase includes the verb plus all the compulsory elements which go with the verb. * Examples: Susan is sleeping - Meggy is cleaning her room Characteristics: -noticeably different structure from what we have seen so far for the other phrases -carries information about mood, tense, modality, aspect, and voice ® Structure > two functional parts: -the auxiliary, a grammatical morpheme carrying information about mood, tense, modality, and voice; and -the main verb, a lexical morpheme carrying its lexical information and, often, an inflection. iiodaltcan, may, will, should, etc, followed by a base) Pesfeci (forme of hare, followed by «ed participle) [Progressive (forms of be, followed by ing participle) Meexb:EBzaso Passive (forme of be, followed by «ed participle) Fupport Auiliazy (Forms of do, followed by a base fonn) Mood The mood system in English is divided into four subcategories. Indicative (Liz can do that) — lntertogative (Can Li do fham) Mood oo fr [Imperative (Do thafl) i [Subjanctive (Had Liz done thaf, SF doesthaf..) Tense ® Tensesystems mark time. Tense is an inflection on the verb that indicates the time reference of the expression. ® IneEnglish, tense is marked on the first verb of the verb phrase. ® ‘finite' verbs > marked for tense (I went; she does) * ‘nonfinite’ verbs> verb forms that do not carry a tense inflection (going; said) Two tenses: - present > the present tense can be used to refer to many different time frames. (1) Emily is tired today. (2) Emily is leaving soon. (3) Emily is clever. - Past Aspect * Aspect signals either the completion or the continuation of the process indicated by the verb in English. ® The perfect aspect expresses the speakers' sense of completion * itis signalled by the use of a form of the auxiliary have and the past participle Liz has gone already. ® Whatisthe function of the subject? It tells you who/what the sentence is about. ® Whatisthe function of the predicate? It tells you what the subject does. Subjects are usually noun phrases; Generally they are the first NP we come across; They are obligatory; They determine the form the verb takes. The predicate [The company] (S) [manufactures electronic devices] 3 predicator + direct object * predicators determine the number of obligatory elements in the clause! * Noticethatthere are also elements which are optional (adverbials) Example: Sue opened the door [suddenly], My sister gave me a present [for my birthday] Direct object Constituents that refer to entities that undergo the activity or process denoted by the verb. * DirectObjects are often noun phrases; ® Their usual position is after the main verb; * Theyhavea strong relationship with the verb that precedes them. * Additionally, They become the subjects of passive clauses NB: a verb that requires a direct object to complement its meaning is a transitive verb. Tom was eating a sandwich. Tom was eating ? 3 understood or implicit Direct Object Besides DIRECT OBJECTS, verbs can also require INDIRECT OBJECTS. * Youcannothave an indirect object without having also a direct object! S P_Oli) Old) My friend / lent / me / hisbook S > Agent O(d) + Patient/Undergoer Oli) > Goal/Receiver or Beneficiary Oblique construction: My father always told stories to us. > the indirect object has been posposed. This movement entails the introduction of a preposition! Indirect Objects: ® Theyare usually NPs * Theycannot occur without a following direct object; ® Theyalways precede the direct object. When they are posposed, they take an oblique form * Like direct objects, they can become the subjects of passive sentences The complement Most frequently, the element of a clause which follows a copular verb such as be, seem or appear. Complements can also occur with the following verbs: * verbsof change: becone, but also make, paint, colour, rub * verbsof perception, such as think and consider Object vs Complement in structures NP + VP + NP + NP: * Mymother made me (Od) a tennis player (C) If the two NPs refer to the same person, the first is an indirect object, and the second a complement of the object. This is a clause of the type SPOC * Mymother made me (Oi) a cup of coffee (Od) * ThetwoNPsare not referred to the same item, then the first one is an indirect object, and the second is a direct object This is a clause of the type SPOO Subject Complements are referred to the subject, and Object Complements are referred to the object. * Theytypically are NP or AdjP; ®* Whenthey complete the subject, they come after the verb Ex. Sofia isa teacher DOS PC ® Whenthey complete the direct object, they come after it Ex. Mary made me successful > SPO C Example: [s[Lelrle Ke] These find to access tough companies credit The adverbial Adverbials can be optional (but they not always are!). When they are optional, they can move around in the clause. * Be, get, lie, remain and stay can all be used with Adverb Phrases as compulsory adverbials; Mary has been away for a few weeks. When analysing a clause: 1. identify the verb 2. identify the subject 3. Identify the complement or objects 4. Identify adverbials What FORM can adverbials take? * Thetrain pulled away from the station very slowly. AdvP ® Unfortunately, 1 won't be able to come to the wedding. AdvP ®* Inamoment, |shall pour you a cup of tea. PP * Everyday of mylife | practice piano. NP * Secondary clauses which indicate some kind of circumstance or conditions are Adverbial Clauses. You can therefore have Adverbial Clauses and Adverbial Phrases Please note: an adverbial is NOT necessarily an Adverb Phrase! Example: LES TCS COS STI STI CE o context is a critical... leadershi p A does not well In brilliant... [necessari another situation ly] perform Basic clause structures (excluding optional adverbials): SP - SPO - SPC - SPOO - SPOC - SPA - SPOA. Relative clauses Relative clauses are of two main kinds: * Embeddedclauses which postmodify noun heads Defining/restrictive