Scarica The Role of Communication & Digital Tech in Globalization & Information Society e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! 1. Globalization and Information Society “[…] information is the portion of knowledge that human beings share with one another and it is the foundation of all intellectual and cognitive activities of societies.” - Informational form of social organisation in which information generation, processing, and transmission become the fundamental sources of productivity and power. - A global society is a society that thinks, acts and interacts globally, thanks to the information technology revolution. Processing information means generating new knowledge. - “Informationalism” knowledge-based information technology. It changes the way in which we produce ideas and contents and how we encode and decode them. CMC (Computer-Mediated Communication) “any human symbolic text-based interaction conducted or facilitated through digitally-based technologies” SIGN an arbitrary correlation between a signified and a signifier (dyadic relation). SIGNIFIED (significato) the conceptual component (the meaning conveyed by means of sounds, images, graphemes) SIGNIFIER (significante) the perceptual component of the sign, how the sign is perceived (sounds, images, graphemes) Firstness the first level of meaning which derives from bodily and sensory processes, the level of perception. (signifier) Secondness the second level of meaning which derives from verbal processes Thirdness this is the third level of meaning derived from symbolic processes Jakobson “The addresser sends a message to the addressee. To be operative the message requires a context referred to […], a code fully, or at least partially, common to the addresser and the addressee and a contact, a physical channel and psychological connection between the addresser and the addressee.” A message may have several functions but one function is often primary, while the others play a secondary role: - the emotive/expressive function focuses on the speaker’s own attitude (interjections, emphatic speech) - the conative function is oriented towards the addressee (vocative, imperative) - the phatic function aims at keeping the channel of communication open (“are you still there?”) - the referential function focuses on the referent or rather on the context - the metalingual/metalinguistic function is language focusing on itself (explanations about the code used) - the poetic function is the aesthetic function, embedded in the fascination of the structure and texture of the signes themselves. SITUATION (setting, scene) PARTICIPANTS (speakers, senders, listeners, receivers) ENDS (purposes-outcomes/goals) ACTS (message content, form) KEY INSTRUMENTALITIES (channel, forms of speech) NORMS (norms of interaction/interpretation) GENRES TEXT communicative occurrence which meets seven standards of textuality. 1. Cohesion (surface text) 2. Coherence (concepts and relations) 3. Intentionality (the producer attitude/intention) 4. Acceptability (the receiver attitude/interpretation) 5. Informativity (the extent to which the event is expected vs. unexpected or known vs. unknown) 6. Situationality (the text relevance to a situation of occurrence) 7. Intertextuality (the text use depends on the knowledge of one or more previously encountered texts). These standards are controlled by regulative principles: 1. Efficiency (depends on the text use in communicating with a minimum effort by the participants) 2. Effectiveness (depends on its leaving a strong impresison and creating fabourable conditions for attaining a goal) 3. Appropriateness (the agreement between its setting and the ways the principles of textuality are upheld). Halliday’s Functional Model of Language Communication - Field the nature of the social interaction taking place - Tenor the social roles, the status of the participants and relationships of participants - Mode the symbolic organization of the text, rhetorical modes (persuasive, expository, descriptive etc.), the channel of communication (spoken/written, monologic/dialogic, visual contact, computer-mediated, telephone etc.) This meaning-making process is organised through three metafunctions - Ideational metafunction to understand the world and its representations - Interpersonal metafunction acting upon the relationships among participants - Textual metafunction to organize information appropriately according to the context and the channel. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- 2. The Constituents of Modern Digital Communication Hypertextuality By hypertext (Ted Nelson) we mean a text that refers to something above, beyond, and outside itself. Transformation from “tactile” to “digital” expression (Baudrillard). Quality of hypertexts (thanks to the presence of LINKS): - Multilinearity blocks of text that can be combined following different paths - Nonsequentiality text that branches and allows choices to the reader
