La dinastia Tudor e i sovrani Enrico VII, Enrico VIII, Edoardo VI, Maria I ed Elisabetta I, Dispense di Inglese

Scarica La dinastia Tudor e i sovrani Enrico VII, Enrico VIII, Edoardo VI, Maria I ed Elisabetta I e più Dispense in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! HENRY VII 1485-1509 Henry VII started the age of Tudors, the splendid age of English history and literature also known as Renaissance or humanism. Henry VII was the winner of the war of the two roses, he married Elizabeth of York unifying both the roses in one dynasty. He was a great king, he decided to follow Henry II’s principles and imposed higher taxes in order to diminish the military power of rich people. He was very innovative, he discovered the importance of the trade on the sea and, for this reason, he sponsored new explorations. He was very active in the area of arts, he patronized artists, an example is Erasmus of Rotterdam, who brought the principles of humanism and renaissance. In this period the universities of Oxford and of Cambridge were being created and Luther's ideas started to spread. We can say that Henry VII was very able in diplomacy, he obtained that England became one of the most important countries in Europe and Pope’s benevolence when his first born Arthur married Catherine of Aragon, princess and heiress of the Spanish throne. His two daughters were married to the king of Scotland, this guaranteed peace with the Scottish, and to the king of France. When he died he he left a strong and powerful country HENRY VIII 1509-1547 When Henry VII died he was succeeded by his second son because his first born was sick in health and died. Catherine was a widow, other kings were trying to marry her so, to prevent this, thanks to the relationship the king established with the pope Henry VII asked him the permission to enable Arthur’s brother to marry his wife, something forbidden. Henry VIII was interested in theologism and he didn’t agree with Luther, so he wrote a sonnet against him, “defender of the faith”. He was very handsome and started to have affairs with other women in the court, but he fell in love with a very intelligent woman, Anne Boleyn, she didn’t want to be just a mistress, she was able to resist him until the moment she got pregnant. From Catherine he had just a daughter and she was too old to give him other children so he thought Anne could have given him an heir and went back to the Pope to ask him to neglect the permission that allowed their marriage. This was a difficult situation for the Pope who didn’t want to disappoint neither the king of Spain nor Henry VII so he decided to define possible solutions with the help of cardinal, but they undervalued Anne Boleyn who forced the king to split from the church in Rome, in this way he created the Church of England or Anglican Church and declared himself the supreme head of the Church of England. The religious and the secular powers were in the hands of the same person and this gave him more power and he was supported also by the Archbishop of Canterbury. He decided to give the lands that belonged to the Pope to the people to get their benevolence or to the Middle Class, the most important families that were very powerful but didn’t have any property. Catherine and her daughter were secured in a monastery and Anne gave birth to another daughter, Elizabeth, she had a lot of miscarriages and she tried to have sexual relationships with other men of the court in order to get pregnant because the king lost his interest in her. Henry discovered the gossip of his wife cheating on him, so she was imprisoned and executed. He married another woman, Jane Seymour, who gave him a son but she died in childbirth. So he married Anne of Cleves, who wasn’t able to give him any child, this wasn’t a problem because he already had an heir, but he divorced her and married Catherine Hainard, she was suspected of love affairs and she was executed. His sixth wife survived him and she even looked after his children, in particular Edward, his successor. EDWARD VII 1547-1553 When Henry VIII died his son became king as Edward VII, he was just 9, but he was very learned and interested in protestant theology and he brought a reformation in religious services as a consequence of the protestant reformation. He established that the religious services had to be held in English abandoning Latin and a book of common prayer was created to be read during the services, it was a collection of songs, readings and passages of the Bible about which the faithful could think and pray. The act of uniformity was proclaimed, it was a restatement of the importance of accepting the anglican religion. The king was sick and died when he was very young, he wanted his cousin, Jane Grey, as his successor but, because of a plot, she was taken prisoner in the tower of London where she died. It may have been a catholic plot because Mary I was proclaimed queen. MARY I 1553-1558 Mary Tudor was Henry VIII’s first born and Catherine’s daughter, British people, especially the ones who didn’t accept the act of supremacy greeted her as the only legitimate heir as both Elizabeth and Edward were considered bastards. The first thing she did was to declare herself queen of England and to restore catholicism by giving up the title of supreme head of the church of England and restoring it in the hands of the Pope. She renewed the alliance with Spain by marrying Philip II, in Britain there was a Counter Reformation and she persecuted cruerly who didn’t want catholicism to be restored and because she killed a lot of people she was known as Bloody Mary. She was going to become a powerful important queen when she fell ill, probably of cancer and, despite having always hated Elizabeth, she had to leave her the throne. ELIZABETH I 1558-1603 Elizabeth became queen in 1558, her reign is considered the golden age of England because it was a period of stability, she restablished the anglican religion but she gave the freedom to profess any religion, it was an age of great conquest at the sea and of entertainment, born theaters and it was an important period for the literature because lived William Shakespeare. She was very young when she became queen and the first thing she did was the restoration of the act of supremacy and she consolidated the reformation principles by writing 39 articles of anglican faith, she allowed everyone to profess any faith, but if their religion was different from the anglican one, they couldn’t aspire to important roles in politic and in the society. She was known as the virgin queen because she had a lot suitors all over Europe, even her half sister’s widower was one of them, but she rejected all of them and this became a sort of her philosophy of life, she considered that marrying a foreign husband could be dangerous because they wanted to subject England, where as marrying an england man would have created the bases of a civil war.