riassunto 1984 con esercizi da Only Connect New Directions, Sintesi del corso di Inglese

Scarica riassunto 1984 con esercizi da Only Connect New Directions e più Sintesi del corso in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! 1984 This novel describes a future world divided into blocks: Oceania, Eurasia including Russia and Europe, Eastasia composed by Asia and Far East. Oceania is no longer ruled by the English Airstrip One but by the Party that is led by the figure of the Big Brother that is continuously in war with the others states. To control people the Party create the Newspeak, a language with a limited number of words and menacing them by the Thought Police. Is forbidden every form of individuality such as free thoughts, sex. The protagonist WINSTON SMITH illegally buys a diary where he express his thoughts and memories addressing to the future generation. He rewrite historical records to suit the needs of the Party at the Ministry of Truth and there he notice Julia, a dark-haired girl starring at him but he is afraid that she could be a spy and could accuse him of thoughtcrime. They began a secret affair and one day are invited in O’Brien flat, he was a member of the powerful inner party that tells them that he hates the party and that he is a member of the Brotherhood led by Emmanuel Goldstein and gives them a copy of his book, the Manifesto of Brotherhood. While Winston is reading it to Julia they are discovered by some soldiers that bring he to the Ministry of Love where he discovers that O’Brien is a spy of the Party. O’Brien tortures Winston with brainwashing but he resists and for this reason is sent to room 101, the final destination of the oppositions of the Party. Here Winston confront himself with his worst fear, rats on his head that eat his face. Winston’s will is broken, he is released, no longer loves Julia, he have gave his identity to the Party and loves the Big Brother. This novel is set in a squalid and mechanic London and is an anti-utopian novel, so it shows a possible future society that is unideal, frightening and under the control of Big Brother. Because of it there is no privacy, there are tele screens watching everyone, love is forbidden and there are the two minutes hate, in fact the country is in a continue state of war. The party has the control on the communication and propaganda and on the press but also on history, thoughts and language, in fact there is the introduction of Newspeak, the official language with a laminate language that impede/ prevent people to find a way to express their ideas. Every form of rebellion is punished with prison, torture and liquidation. The novel reveals the author’ sense of history and his sympathy with the millions of people persecuted and murdered in the name of totalitarianism of 20 century. Winston Smith embodies the sense of loss and all the finer emotions and values of the past. Smith is the commonest English surname that evokes his symbolic value while Winston evokes Churchill’ patriotic appeal for “blood sweet and tears” during the second world war. The protagonist is a middle- aged man physically weak who experiences the alienation for the society and desires spiritual and moral integrity. He express the idea of Orwell. Themes Is a satirical novel of a hierarchical society controlled by a dictator called Big Brother. The struggle of Winston is based on the themes of memory, mutual trust, tolerance, empathy to maintain the individuality. If a man have someone to trust his individuality cannot be destroyed because his identity arise from the interaction, not in isolation. The theme of memory is linked to the morality. According to Orwell an egalitarian society would not change the values but would put an end to exploitation. Hence the idea of a diary to defend memory against the rewriting of history by the party. Totalitarianism and Communism Orwell published Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1949, not as a prediction of actual future events, but to warn the world against what he feared would be the fate of humanity if totalitarian regimes were allowed to seize power as they had done recently in Germany under Hitler and in the Soviet Union under Stalin. In the aftermath of World War II, Anglo-American intellectuals were reluctant to criticize the Soviet regime, despite evidence of Stalin's despotism, because Russia had been an ally against Germany and Japan. Orwell, who witnessed firsthand the Soviet-backed Communists' brutal suppression of rival political groups during the Spanish Civil War, returned from the war an outspoken critic of Communism. For the rest of his life he worked tirelessly to expose the evils of totalitarianism and to promote what he called "democratic socialism." To reviewers who wished to see his book as a critique of Soviet Communism, Orwell maintained that he had set the book in Britain in order to show that totalitarianism could succeed anywhere if it were not fought against. In the novel, INGSOC represents the worst features of both the Nazi and Communist regimes. The Party's ultimate ambition is to control the minds as well as the bodies of its citizenry, and thus control reality itself. Totalitarianism was an outgrowth of Socialism, which arose as a response to industrialization, and sought to create more equitable societies by centralizing production and abolishing private property in favor of collective ownership. Emmanuel Goldstein's book, parts of which Winston reads in Book II, outlines the methods by which a totalitarian regime consolidates and extends its power. preferred to see them kicking and that he liked seeing their blue tongues sticked out). Syme liked helicopter’s raids in villages, trials and confessions of thought criminals, execution in the cellars of the ministry of love, and speaking about the Newspeak. While Winston is not interest in these things, in fact he says that he will see the hanging at the flicks. The two men are catching lunch by the “prole”. The proles represent the lowest working class in the society, the proletarians, Winston hopes that they could rise up against the party and restore freedom but the history of oceania says that their last revolution against the state recreated the same class structure and oppressed new generations of proles so here they represent the lack of hope. Winston asks Syme how the dictionary was going and he answers that is going slowly, he is at the adjectives and bright up. Syme explains that with the eleventh edition they will give the final shape to the language, when it will be finished people will have to learn a new language, he underlines that they are not inventing new words, they are destroying hundred of them “cutting the language down to the bone”. The strange thing in the text is the attitude of Syme that seems to be enthusiast by this destruction, he says that the majority of words destroyed are verbs and adjectives, all the synonyms and all the antonyms because words contain their opposite in themselves (good, ungood, plusgood, doubleplusgood), he says also that this was an idea of the Big Brother and in hearing this name Winston seems to tense up. Syme notices that his comrade prefer the Oldspeak and its vagueness and useless shades even when he write in The Times, Winston seems to not appreciate the destruction of words and to not being fascinated by the fact that Newspeak is the language that gets more smaller every year. At the end of the passage Syme explains the real goal of creating Newspeak: to narrow the range of thoughts and so to prevent thoughtcrimes, every concept will be expressed by one word. Syme thinks also that there is no reason to commit thoughtcrime even now because it depends just on self-discipline but when the Newspeak will be finished people won’t need even it. The whole literature of the past and also of the party will be destroyed and translated in Newspeak (Shakespeare, Chaucer, Milton) the slogans of the party will be changed because as we can see in “freedom is slavery” the concept of freedom will be abolished so it can’t be explained. There will be no thoughts, orthodoxy means not thinking. Newspeak is INGSOC, a newspeak’s word meaning English Socialism, the party political creed. At the en Winston says that Syme is too intelligent for the party and for this reason he will be eliminated. AGGIUNGI ANALISI SITO Passage chapter 1 bag F208-209 This was London This is the beginning of the novel, it describes London, the capital of Oceania, a totalitarian state where men have lost control of their beings, the only person who tries to resist indoctrination is the protagonist Winston Smith. As the clocks strike thirteen on a day in April, Winston Smith, a low-ranking member of the Outer Party, climbs the stairs to his flat in Victory Mansions. He has left his work at the Records Department early in order to write in a diary he has bought in a junk shop in a proletarian slum in London, the capital of Airstrip One in the superstate of Oceania. § 1 analysis Because the electricity that powers the elevator has been turned off in preparation for Hate Week, Winston, who is 39 years old, frail, fair-haired and wearing a blue Party uniform, slowly climbs seven dingy flights of stairs to his flat. He limps because of a varicose ulcer on his right ankle. On each landing of the stairs hangs a poster depicting the enormous face of a man with a black mustache, with a caption that reads, BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. § 2 analysis As he enters the flat, Winston hears a voice reading a list of figures about the production of pig iron. It is coming from a telescreen, which is embedded in the wall and can't be shut off, though the sound can be turned down. As Winston looks out the window at the cold, colorless city, he sees posters of Big Brother plastered on every corner and the word "INGSOC" written on a wall. A police helicopter hovers near the windows of a distant building, spying on people, which reminds Winston that the Thought Police can see and hear him through the telescreen, so he keeps his back turned to it. § 3 analysis Analysis 1. The opening paragraphs, which set the scene in a fictional future world, present numerous details about life under Party rule that will be more fully explained later. Ominously, the clocks strike thirteen, a traditionally unlucky number. 2. Orwell uses the word "Party" to suggest that the fictional regime in 1984 is based on the actual Communist regime then in place in the Soviet Union under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin. The details emphasize the grayness and scarcity characteristic of life under totalitarian rule. 3. The monotonousness of the broadcast on the telescreen emphasizes its irritating and oppressive presence. The details that follow continue the theme of surveillance, which Winston is particularly conscious of because he is about to engage in an act of thoughtcrime. The posters of Big Brother symbolize the constant vigilance of the State over its subjects. "INGSOC" stands for English Socialism.