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NON-HOTEL ACCOMMODATION  BED AND BREAKFAST  cheap, minimal services, opportunity to meet new people and see inside their home, stays of one or two nights with breakfast, longer stays include also dinner.  FARMSTAY HOLIDAYS contact with local people, all the meals at the farm, the guest also works on the farm.  YOUTH HOSTELS very cheap, shared dormitories and limited services, private bedrooms available at a higher price, cooking facilities.  UNIVERSITIES  rented bedrooms during holidays, single bedrooms with shared bathrooms and kitchens, in the city centre.   convents and monasteries offer rooms in historic cities and in the countryside.  SELF-CATERING RENTED ACCOMMODATION  more freedom, different options: villas, cottages, apartments. prices advantages for families or group. there is often a minimum rental period.  TIMESHARE SCHEMES you invest money and became a part-owner of a holiday home with the right to stay there for a number of weeks each year.  CAMPING most countries have a network of camping and caravan sites where people can park and spend the night. there are facilities like shops, restaurants, electricity, water.  THE SIGHTS LANDMARKS AND MONUMENTS Big Ben in London, Eiffel Tower in Paris are symbols of their cities. many cities encourage the construction of iconic buildings to attract visitors.  HERITAGE OR HISTORIC SITES include prehistoric sites, ancient ruins (Stonehenge), castles (Castello Sforzesco), cathedrals, palaces and stately homes.  CHARACTERISTIC AREAS OF CITIES the focus may be the architecture, the ethnic origin or the distinctive atmosphere.  MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES  they could be large national institutions (British Museum) or small local museums and art collections. many museum specialise in particular fields (science, natural history, warfare). ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS  the may be located inside cities or on sites in the countryside PARKS  they are magnets for visitors, many have landscaped grounds, they may offer entertainment or sport activities.  ARTIFICIAL THEME PARKS they include exciting high tech rides, adventure playgrounds and computer simulations.  SITES OF NATURAL BEAUTY mountains, volcanoes, rivers, lakes, islands, beaches. large areas of great natural beauty are protected as national parks.  TOURS sightseeing tours may last from an hour up to a full day, they are often accompanied by a guide on open-top buses.  hop on - hop off tours ---> tourists can get off at different points and pick up a later bus  walking tours of a city, boat tour along a river, helicopter tours, excursions outside the city to visit the surroundings (half a day or a full day, coaches with large picture windows).  TOURIST ACTIVITIES Besides sightseeing there are many other activities and events that also draw visitors to holiday destinations.  SHOPPING Tourists are drawn to mid-range department and chain stores.  British tourists cross the channel to visit hyper markets in France where many goods are cheaper.  Paris and Milan are famous for fashion and design.  Visit to New York are often advertised in the pre-Christmas period. EATING OUT Eating local dishes is part of the  holiday experience. Many destinations draw visitors because of the reputation of the local cuisine.  NIGHT-LIFE Places with a lively nightlife are a big attraction for many young tourists. Some European nightclubs have become popular by attracting internationally famous DJs and celebrities.  THEATRE SHOWS, CONCERTS AND MUSIC FESTIVALS Many cities organise music festivals, some of these events have an international reputation and draw visitors from everywhere.  TEMPORARY ART EXHIBITIONS Major art galleries and museums organize special exhibitions of works by great artists. They are publicised in the international media and attract interest all over the world. SPORT COMPETITIONS Large scale international events such as the Olympic Games can bring millions of visitors.  FEASTS AND FESTIVALS Many special events and local festivals, such as carnival in Rio de Janeiro, have become world famous and are now a major draw for tourists. TYPES OF TOYRISM AND HOLIDAYS OUTBOUND TOURISM ---> tourists who leave their country and travel to foreign destinations INBOUND TOURISM ---> foreign tourists arriving in the country from abroad.  DOMESTIC TOURISM ---> tourists who spend their holidays in their own country  CLASSIFICATION - DURATION: short-break holiday ---> one to three nights, longer period ---> long holiday - TRANSPORT: coach, car, train, plane. Fly-drive holidays ---> combination of flight and car hire.  - DISTANCE : short haul holiday ---> flight of less than 5 hours,  long haul destination ---> more than 5 hours away by plane  - SEASON : usually summer - INDIPENDENCE: independent holiday---> tourists organize all by themselves, package holiday ---> at least two elements are sold together, all-inclusive holiday ---> includes meals, excursions, entertainment in the price.  British tourists ---> tour by air, lasting more than 4 nights, during summer to short-haul destinations.  Tour operators develop a wide variety of holiday products aimed at very specific categories of tourists (families, honeymoon couples, retired people.  Reasons to travel ---> adventure, archaeology, gastronomy, health, culture, heritage, languages, music, trekking ecc...  THERMAL SPAS IN ITALY Italy's richness in thermal and mineral waters, combined with its climate and the beauty of the scenery have made it a favourite venue. Italy has many hot water and mineral springs because of its geology. The benefits of using thermal and mineral waters have been recognised since the time of ancient Rome. In Veneto the main form of treatment is mud therapy, recommended for rheumatic illnesses and respiratory problems. Thermal resorts in Emilia-Romagna are recommended for metabolism disorders, problems of the respiratory system and the vascular system and skin diseases.  In Tuscany the spas are known for their treatment of respiratory problems, rheumatism and arthritis.  The spa resorts in Lazio are linked to volcanic activity in fact Fiuggi waters are particularly noted for the treatment of renal calculus.  In Campania on the Ischia island there are oral treatment, baths, and mud treatment for rheumatism, arthritis, obesity and metabolism disorders.  AUSTRALIA The north lies within the tropics and has two seasons: a dry winter  and a wet summer. The main town in the North is Darwin. A more famous attraction is the Great Barrier Reef along the north-east coast of Queensland. (World Heritage Site)  The warm climate, sandy beaches, tropical islands and ideal conditions for water sports make the Reef region a popular tourist destination.  The Southeast contains most of the population. The climate is temperate with hot dry Summers and mild wet Winters. The capital Canberra and the two biggest cities Sydney and Melbourne are the major tourist attractions. The Gold Coast, south of Brisbane is particularly well known. A chain of mountains, the Great Dividing Range, runs all the way up the East Coast.  Skiing is a popular activity in wintertime, especially in the Snowy Mountains around Mount Kosciusko, Australia's highest peak.  The vast interior plains is called the Outback where much of the land is desert. There are red earth, unusual rock formations and bizarre wildlife. This land is associated with the Australian Aborigines, one of their sacred places is Uluru, a giant mass of rock that changes colour with the light. Apart from Alice Springs there are no towns in the centre. The nearest cities are Adelaide and Perth.  NEW ZEALAND The north island has most of the population, it has a warm climate and sub-tropical vegetation.  Northland has magnificent beaches. The central part of the island contains active volcanoes and geysers. The presence of the native Maori culture is a particular attraction. The biggest city, Auckland, and the capital, Wellington, are located here.  The south island is less populated, the climate is cooler and wetter. The Southern Alps contain the highest mountain Mt Cook in the centre of Westland National Park.  Fiordland, in the southwest, is the country's largest national park. The  main city is Christchurch.  ASIA country a much less attractive destination for foreign investments, as many companies came to the UK in part because of its access to the EU markets.  OSCAR WILDE Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin he joined aestheticism, a movement that affirmed the predominance of art and beauty in individual and social life and the Independence of art from any moral, political or utilitarian purpose. He thought that art has no aim but it's own perfection. He's at work is characterised by simplicity of syntax and verbal humour.  THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY The Picture of Dorian Grey story of a beautiful young man his moral corruption. Dorian asks his friend to paint a portrait of him. Overcome by the fear of losing his youth Dorian wishes that the painting could grow old instead of him. In the following years Dorian finds joy in committing sinful actions and while he loses none of his beauty or youth the painting grows old and ugly. When he realises he's bringing pain to everyone he has in contact with he decides to destroy the portrait and stabs it. The novel is a reinterpretation of the traditional for Faustian myth about a man who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for youth beauty and power. The devil is represented by Lord Harry who manipulates and corrupts Dorian's innocence introducing him to an hedonistic way of life through the first principle of aestheticism there is the supremacy of youth and beauty. The painting represents a magical mirror which reflects exactly what Dorian has become.  JAMES JOYCE  James Joyce was born in Dublin, he studied English French and Italian, he felt oppressed in his country and immigrated with his wife to continental Europe, living in Trieste, Paris and Zurich. With his work he completely dismantled the structure and language of the traditional novel offering at the same time a deep insight into contemporary life. He admired the symbolists aesthetic theories from which he derived his interest in form and the emphasis on the artist's subjective perceptions. Important for him where the developments in anthropology and psychoanalysis that let him to be one of the first and most effective writers to explore the subconscious in fiction. He reached the synthesis between subjectivity and objectivity promoting the idea that fiction can describe facts clearly and objectively but can also communicate insights into the characters, moments when an apparently ordinary episode reveals the true meaning of life. Joyce called these sudden spiritual manifestation "epiphanies", made possible by the stream of consciousness technique: the uninterrupted flow of the characters thoughts and feelings. Joyce's works explore the main themes of the human condition and subjectivity of experience, treated with irony and compassion. DUBLINERS Dubliners was written in 1914 and it is a collection of short stories about moral hypocrisy in his native city, told in an impersonal style and reach in allusions and epiphanies.  Joyce organised the stories according to the ages of the protagonists from Childhood to Adolescence, Maturity and Public Life. The stories are both realistic and symbolic, as they lead the characters to an epiphany, caused by some external event which brings them to a sudden revelation about themselves. In each story the focalisation is mostly through the protagonist, so the narrative varies considerably as the characters are different ages and sexes and from various social and psychological backgrounds. One common element unites them: they all suffer from an emotional paralysis is represented in different ways but it always has a precise physical connotation. Joyce's characters are unable to change the course of their lives and always fall back on what they know but with higher degree of consciousness due to the epiphany.  EVELINE Eveline is part of the adolescence group, she's a 19-year old girl who has always lived in Dublin, she's engaged to a young Irish man, Frank, who has been to Argentina and has made a new life there. Eveline and Frank are leaving for Argentina where they will get married because she can't put up with her life in Ireland any more. At the very moment she has to board the ship she's paralysed she can neither move nor speak.  THE DEAD The dead is the last story in Dubliners, it opens with a Christmas party at the house of the protagonist Gabriel Conroy's two aunts. When Gabriel reaches his hotel room he finds his wife Gretta crying. Gretta explains that an old Irish song has reminded her of her first love who died. At this point Gabriel has his epiphany reflecting on the meaning of life realising that he and all the people he knows and love will die and be forgotten. ULYSSES The Ulysses was written 1922 and it is a groundbreaking novel conceived as an epic of contemporary life. The narration of events is filtered through the characters flow of thoughts and it is the best example of the stream of consciousness.  THE IRISH QUESTION The Irish question refers to Irish nationalism and the call for Irish independence which was granted by Britain in 1922 after three Home Rule Bills and a long fight. Poverty was a major problem in Ireland, Dublin had the worst housing condition of any city in the United Kingdom. The houses were overcrowded, disease-ridden and full of malnourished children.  IRISH EMIGRATION The high rates of Irish immigration was unequalled in any other country and reflects both the demand for immigrant labour and the lack of employment and prospects for the average Irish person at home. About 80% of the Irish who left their homes in this period were aged between 18 and 30 years old.  THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR The Spanish Civil War what sport between the Republicans and the Nationalists a rebel group led by Francisco Franco. The Nationalists received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, while the Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from the rest of Europe and the United States. The nationalists won and Franco then ruled Spain until his death. For Britain and France the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve which later collapsed into World War II.  For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare.  ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hemingway started working as a journalist at 17 and was involved in the Red Cross Ambulance Corps in Italy in World War I, he witnessed the trauma and suffering of War.  FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS The protagonist embodies the so-called Hemingway Code Hero which represents a man who lives correctly following the ideals of honour, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful and always painful. His final stance raises questions concerning a man's own responsibility in war and the value of the ideals of courage and honour for their own sake in any time and place. It tells the story of Robert Jordan over a 3-day period during the Spanish Civil War. He sides with the guerrillas against the nationalist forces of General Franco. He meets a young Spanish girl who has been raped and falls in love with her. A general assigns Jordan the task of blowing up a bridge although he realises that these won't help he obeys the order, but some of his friends die. He decides sacrifice his life to save Maria and his friends.  A GENERAL'S DUTY The novel begins with Jordan trying to decide how to carry out his mission, it shows the General's doubts about the orders he has to give and that he himself received from his superiors.  A SOLDIER'S DUTY This is the end of the novel which focuses on Jordan's own viewpoint. He is going to blow up the bridge he looks at the sentry at his post on it.