Riassunto e descrizione della storia dei Tudors, Sintesi del corso di Inglese

Scarica Riassunto e descrizione della storia dei Tudors e più Sintesi del corso in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! I TUDORS HENRY VII becomes king after the War of the Two Roses, creates the rose of the Tudors. He married Elizabeth York. He had his son marry Catherine of Aragon and succeeded him at the age of 18 because his older brother Arthur had already died. Catherine was his sister-in-law, with her he had a daughter, Mary I. There was a schism with the Catholic Church when Pope Clement VII did not accept the annulment of his marriage, because Catherine had not given him male children, to marry Anne Boleyn. Anglicanism was created and HENRY VIII became Supreme Head of the Church of England. With Anne he had a daughter, Elizabeth. He later had her beheaded because of supposed treason. He then married Jane Saymour with whom he had a son, Edward VI but he died after childbirth. He then married Anna Of Cleves but divorcedq because it was an arranged marriage and he was unhappy. He then married Catherine Howords whom he had beheaded because of plots against him. His last wife was Catherine Parr who died after her husband. When King Henry VIII died, he was succeded by EDWARD VI at the age of 9, under the regercy of his uncle. Suddenly, however, in 1551 the king feel ill and died on 6 July 1553 in Greenwich, at the age of 15. He was succeded by the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, MARY I, who declared herself queen and wanted to restore catholicism in England. She is known by the nickname of Bloody Mary, because she had executed abou 300 religious opponentes. In 1558 he fell ill and left the throne to his sister ELISABETH I, daughter of Anne Boleyn. Her reign was considered the age of globalization of England, because England became a real power, so much so that she encouraged piracy to make the country richer. It was an age of stability, religious tolerance, entertainment and the rising star of Shakespear. Elizabeth came to the throne at the age of 25. She was intelligent and determined. She consolidated the Reformation in 1559 by reintroducing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. The doctrine of the Church was Protestant A very delicate question was her marriability. He received many proposals, but he considered marriage dangerous, because he thought that if someone entered his country, he would want to dominate the kingdom, in fact the "virgin queen" was his name. As her father enacted another Act of Supremacy, in 1586 the control of the sea was disputed between Spain and England and in the end Spain's ships could not attack England because of bad weather. ROYAL PROGRESS Elizabeth made regular tours of the country, known as "royal progress," to show off her person and the power of her office. She and her court received hospitality from her wealthiest subjects. Several official portraits of the queen were painted as part of royal propaganda. DANGER FROM SCOTLAND Mary, Queen of Scots, returned to Edinburgh from France when her husband, the King of France, died in 1560. She was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII and was entitled to the English throne. She married the Stuart Lord Darnley and had a son, James I. When her court forced her to abdicate in favor of her one- year-old son, she went to England hoping to get help from her cousin Elizabeth. However, she was arrested and held captive in Sheffield Castle, where she became the center of conspiracies against Queen Elizabeth; Mary was eventually executed for treason in 1587. EXPLORING THE SEA Elizabeth encouraged her sea captains to explore new lands and look for treasure. SirWalter Raleigh sailed to SouthAmerica to hunt for gold, while Sir John Hawkins brought African slaves toAmerica. Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world, combined royal authority for exploration with piracy seizing the gold carried by Spanish ships. THE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA In 1586 Spain was preparing an Armada to invade Britain and bring it under the rule of the Church of Rome. The Spanish Armada set sail in 1588. The English ships, however, were faster and better armed than the Spanish ships, so they were able to attack. The Armada fled to the North Sea. The Spanish lost a third of their fleet and many men died. The outcome of the failed invasion confirmed England's supremacy at sea. Elizabeth died in 1603 saying that the Protestant King of Scotland, James I, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, should succeed her. She had enjoyed the love and consent of her people. She had succeeded in creating a popular and majestic image of a ruler who appeared as the defender of the nation and the preserver of peace. She had brought England unity and glory. JAMES I James I, King of Scotland, succeeded Elizabeth, becoming the first Stuart King of England. He had been raised as a Protestant and was an educated man, but he believed in witchcraft. His accession was welcome because it reduced the danger of civil war; however, he ignored Parliament and based his rule on the theory of "the divine right of kings," believing that as monarch he was God's representative on earth. He united Scotland with England and Wales as a single kingdom (with two separate parliaments), "Great Britain," introduced a distinctive flag, called the Union Jack, and a common currency. The king settled in London, where he took under royal patronage Shakespeare's company, which became the King's Men, and poets such as John Donne and George Herbert. He also ordered the construction of Queen's House in Greenwich by architect Inigo Jones as a gift to his wife Anne. IL SONETTO THE GOLDEN AGE OF POETRY The Renaissance is considered the "golden age" of poetry because of the flourishing of songs and sonnets. The sonnet comes from Italy and its invention is attributed to Iacopo da Lentini in the first half of the thirteenth century. The form reached its highest expression with the Italian poet Petrarch, whose Canzoniere became the model for all European poets of the Renaissance. PETRARCHAN SONNET A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a fixed rhyme scheme. The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octave, usually rhyming ABBAABBA, and a sestina, which can be rhyming CDE CDE or CDC DCD. The octave generally presents a problem or situation, while the sestina contains the solution to the problem or personal reflections. di maggio, e il corso dell’estate e' fin troppo breve. Talvolta troppo caldo splende l’occhio del cielo e spesso il suo aureo volto e' offuscato,e ogni bellezza col tempo perde il suo fulgore, sciupata dal caso o dal corso mutevole della natura. Ma la tua eterna estate non sfiorirà, ne perderai possesso della tua bellezza; ne morte si vanterà di coprirti con la sua ombra,poiché tu cresci nel tempo in versi eterni. Finché uomini respirano e occhi vedono,vivranno questi miei versi, e daranno vita a te. I think in this sonnet Shakespeare stops very much at appearances, which he does not do in sonnet 130. I think love for a person goes beyond aging as well. I do find the metaphors he uses fascinating though. WHEN I DO COUNT THE CLOCK THAT TELLS THE TIME It is the sonnet 12. Shakespeare presents a series of images that suggest the passage of time, aging and decay of living beings. Observing how everything decays and dies, Shakespeare begins to question the beauty of the Beautiful Youth, which until now has praised: even the Younger, will grow old and die. The only thing that can 'defend' us from this inevitable process is reproduction, so that as we get older we can be happy that we have left something that will survive us. Quando conto l’ora sull’orologio E vedo il giorno affondar nella notte; Quando vedo viole presto appassite, e tra riccioli neri argento o bianco; quando vedo privi di foglie alberi che riparavano il gregge dal caldo, e il verde estivo con ispida barba bianca, in covoni portati su carri, di tua beltà mi pongo la questione che andar dovrai nei deserti del tempo poiché il dolce e il bello van via da soli, e muoion presto mentre sbocciano altri; non c’è difesa alla falce del Tempo resta la prole quand’essa t’atterra. I like this sonnet because Shakespeare manages to bring together both the ugliness of death and the passing of time with the beauty of a new birth by which we will continue to be remembered. LET ME NOT TO THE MARRIAGE OF TRUE MINDS It is the sonnet 116. It is part of the fair youth section of the collection, but speaks of love in itself as a pure feeling. According to the poet, true Love is eternal and unchangeable, it does not change with changing conditions nor does it suffer the effect of remoteness; it compares it to a lighthouse, a fixed point of reference, visible even in the midst of a storm (ie a crisis), which it faces without damage (metaphor); in the same way he compares it to a star that guides the way: they are two recurring and traditional metaphors to describe the love. The value of love is not quantifiable for man. Love resists the changes imposed by time (personified the scythe, symbol of death): it resists aging, and lasts for life. Shakespeare is so convinced that he claims, that if anyone ever proves to him that this is not true, then he would deny all the written verses and no one could say that he ever really loved. Non sia mai ch’io metta impedimenti al matrimonio di due anime fedeli; amore non è amore se muta quando nell’altro scorge mutamenti, o se tende a recedere quando l’altro si allontana. Oh, no! Esso è termine fisso che domina le tempeste e non vacilla mai; esso è la stella di ogni sperduta barca, il cui potere è ignoto, pur se ne misuriamo l’elevatezza. Amore non soggiace al Tempo, anche se rosee labbra e guance cadranno sotto la sua arcuata falce. Amore non muta in brevi ore e settimane, ma impavido resiste sino al giorno del Giudizio. Se questo è errore, e sarà contro me provato, allora io non ho mai scritto, e mai nessuno amato. I think this is one of Shakespeare's most beautiful sonnets. I really like it because I agree completely with what he says and I find the metaphors he uses very engaging. MY MISTRESS’ EYES ARE NOTHING LIKE THE SUN It is the sonnet 130. Is one of the most original love poems ever written, because it is among the few that describes the beloved woman as a real person, human, with its defects, rather than as a divine and perfect creature. This poem is part of the second section of the collection, dedicated to a mysterious dark lady. Shakespeare wants to express the fact that the image of the perfect woman, was now abused and was far from reality. After describing his woman with negative adjectives, Shakespeare comes as always to a flash- conclusion in the final couplet: despite his flaws and indeed for his originality he loves his woman. The further paradox of this poem consists in the fact that the sonnet is traditionally the structure of love poetry, and in this tradition the woman is always woman-angel: Shakespeare uses the form of tradition reversing the tradition. Gli occhi della mia donna non sono per nulla come il sole; il corallo è di gran lunga più rosso del rosso delle sue labbra: se la neve è bianca, allora i suoi seni sono scuri; se i capelli sono fili, fili neri le crescono in testa. Io ho visto rose damascate, rosse e bianche, ma non vedo rose simili sulle sue guance; ed in alcuni profumi c’è più piacere che nell’alito che la mia donna emana. Amo sentirla parlare, eppure so bene che la musica ha di gran lunga un suono più gradevole. Di certo non ho mai visto camminare una dea: la mia donna, quando cammina, striscia i piedi a terra. Eppure, santo cielo, penso che la mia amata sia preziosa quanto qualunque altra donna trasfigurata da metafore fasulle. This is my favorite sonnet because Shakespeare is one of the few poets who describes woman not as perfection, as an idea, but as a person with flaws equally possible to love, which he does and does affirm.