Riassunto programma di inglese di 4° superiore, Sintesi del corso di Inglese

Scarica Riassunto programma di inglese di 4° superiore e più Sintesi del corso in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! ENGLISH = THE STUART DYNASTY - pag 98 = ENGLISH RENAISSANCE LITERATURE (1485-1625) - pag 102-105 = WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564 - 1616) - pag 126-128 + 138-139 + 156-157 + 171- 172 = THE 17th CENTURY - pag 190-193 = THE RESTORATION (1660-1714) - pag 194-199 = ENGLISH 18th CENTURY LITERATURE - pag 205-208 = DANIEL DAFOE (1660-1731) - pag 256-258 JANE AUSTEN (16 December 1775-1817) - pag 383-386 THE y STUART DYNASTY Queen Elizabeth died in 1603 Succeeded by James VI of Scotland (James I of England - the first Stuart king of England) * He united 3 kingdoms: England, Scotland and Ireland. * He's a fervent believer in the Divine Right of Kings. He considered himself above the law and parliament. He thought he was answerable*® only to God. - He reinforced the Anglican Church. - And disappointed the Catholics and Puritans (even if he had a Catholic mother and if he brought up a Presbyterian). James | of England strugalina with the Parliament James | of England claim? to “Divine Right” (implied?) that Parliament had no powers expect as he chose to grant it£. Because he was the first of The Tudor dynasty to claim it in the “Divine Right” and because he acted like he owned the full power rising taxes (without asking the Parliament consent) the full situation led5, in the successive reign, in the Civil War. The Gunpowder Plot (1605): Catholics were angered© by the fact that James | did nothing to improved the situation of Catholics in England. So a group of Catholics, commanded by Guy Fawkes, plotted” his murder. They put barrels of gunpowder in the cellar beneath* of the House of Parliament to blow up the House with the king in it. They were detected®, arrested and the attempt has never happened. It made Catholics been hated by the nation for centuries to come. The New World (1620) . 1 responsabile 2 sostiene 3 sottinteso 4 concederlo 5 portare 6 irritato 7 complottato 8 sotto 9 scoperti A group of Puritans was escaping from religious persecutions on a ship called The Mayflower towards Massachusetts, America. They founded a sort of Bible Commonwealth (rigidly Puritan) and as other settlers!° arrived on the boat they were expected to worship!* in a Puritan way. Virginia Virginia had been founded under Queen Elizabeth, but was a company of London merchants to establish the first permanent settlement at Jamestown (named after the king). Here had been founded a new source of prosperity (that was just coming into use in Europe): tabacco. Ireland and the plantation of Ulster In Ireland there was a “planters” rebellion, so James | of England encourage English and Scottish “planters” to move to Ulster (Northern Ireland) to coltivate lands and establish towns there. The Presbyterians were given lands confiscated to Catholic Gaelic owners: it gave rise to a conflict that lasted for centuries. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE LITERATURE (1485-1625) The English Renaissance (1485-1625) represents the Golden Age of English literature. The English Renaissance had seen the development of the English literature and have become part of the cultural heritage! of mankind!3. It was influenced by severals aspects like the reign of Henry VIII and Elisabeth | (two extraordinary monarchs), the flowering of unrivaled!* poets and the birth of William Shakespeare. The sonnet The sonnet (14-line poetic composition) is the most common poetic form of Elizabethan literature. It was imported into England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and earl of Surrey, who translated many of Petrarch’s sonnets into English in 1557 (he brought to perfection the sonnet in Italy). = Philip Sidney (1554-1586) used the sonnet composition form in his collection of poems Astrophel and Stella (1581), the most popular sonnet cycle of the 16th century. His pomes reflect the Petrarch’s ideas with some similar themes: the woman as unattainable!5 and the love explored by different prospectives (hope, joy, suffering, bitterness!, despair, tenderness!), = Edmund Spenser (1552/1553-1599) published a collection of soonest called “Amoretti” (1595) and an allegorical poem called “The Faerie Queene” (1590-1596) devoted to the cult of Queen Elizabeth (from the title). = William Shakespeare (1564-1661) is one of the most famous playwright!* and one of the last sonnet writers of his time. His collection of 154 sonnets called “Sonnets” (1609) deals with universal themes, with metaphors and conceits. Drama 10 colonizzatori 11 adorare 12 patrimonio/eredità 13 umanità/uomo 14 impareggiabili 15 irraggiungibile 16 amarezza 17 dolcezza 18 drammaturgo WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564 - 1616) William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon probably on the 23rd of 1564 (because he had been baptized® on 26 April). His father, a rich merchant, gave him a good level of education: he could understand Latin, but not Greek. In 1582, he married a local woman, Anne Hathaway (eight years older than him). They had three children - one of them was probably called “Hamnet", a name that recalls that of the protagonist of “Hamlet”. *1584 - 1592: called “lost years” because we don't have any information about it.* He left Stratford in 1592 to go to London, where he was an actor and playwright. He couldn't perform his plays until 1594 because the theaters were shut down. He started working in The Chamberlain's Men, a company of actors funded by Lord Chamberlain. He was the main playwright and a shareholder of it. In 1599 the company built its own playhouse: The Globe, where many of Shakespeare's plays were staged. When James | succeeded Elisabeth to the throne (1603) the company went under his protection with the name "King's Men”. Shakespeare worked for them until 1611, when he retired from the stage. Some believe that he died on his birthday: April 23rd 1616. THE FIRST FOLIO OF 1623 The plays were the most important things to determinate the success of a company. That's why they need to be “private” and to not be printed. Shakespeare's plays were an exemption although. They had been collected and printed as a single volume by two of Shakespeare's fellow?” actors. 3.6 battezzato 37 membri Shakespeare wrote 37 plays: 36 plays are contained on the “First Folio” edition (1623) (18 of these had been printed for the first time). In the First Folio the plays are divided into three categories: comedies, histories and tragedies (the same “shape” has the Shakespeare's collection “Canon”). CANON Canon can be divided into more than three sub-groups according to their structure, year of composition, style and main themes. = ENGLISH HISTORY PLAYS: Shakespeare wrote many plays about English history from the 12th to 16th centuries (from the Hundred Year's War with France, to the War of the Roses). It is a portrait of Medieval and Early Modern England. PLAYS: Richard III (1593); Richard Il (1595); Henry V (1599). = ROMAN PLAYS: about Roman history. They are set in ancient?" Rome with the same source??. The main themes are power and how it is gained‘°, how it changes who exercise is and how dangerous it is. PLAYS: Julius Caesar (1599); Antony and Cleopatra (1606); Coriolanus (1608). = COMEDIES: what unify all the comedies plays is the kind of sources they rely upon”: the Italian short stories (novelle), dealing with the theme of marriages, mistaken identities.. with usually a happy ending. PLAYS: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595); The Merchant of Venice (1596) = Problem Plays/Dark comedies: they had been all written at the end of the 16th century. PLAYS: Hamlet (1601); All’s Well that Ends Ell (1602); Troilus and Cressida (1602); Measure for Measure (1604). = DARK COMEDIES: they can't be considered as tragedies, but more like comedies with a dark, pessimistic side. = PROBLEM PLAYS: they treat of the workings” of the minds of characters who doubt. In more recent times the share come to refer that these plays are impossible to classify. = TRAGEDIES: they represent the apex* of English Early Modern literature. They deals with themes of tragic destiny of mankind, human foolishness* and man's loneliness in the universe. PLAYS: Othello (1604); King Lear (1605); Macbeth (1606). =» ROMANCES: PLAYS: Cymbeline (1610); The Winter's Tale (1611); The Tempest (1611). These are elements that contains elements of = tragedy and of comedy (tragicomedies) = Fictional*5 and improbable plots = Contrasts between virtue and vices ‘ = Contrasts between magic and supernatural *There are tow exceptions: * Titus Andronicus (1593), one of the earliest Shakespeare's plays which is a revenge tragedy (a tragedy where the characters has to restore justice after suffering an unjust death); * Romeo and Juliet (1595) a tragedy based on the exploration of the theme of love.* 38 vecchio 39 origine 40 guadagnato 41 si basano su 42 meccanismi 43 apice 44 stupidità 45 inventato 46 vizi ROMEO AND IULIET (1594-1595) The source of Romeo and Juliet was a poem called “The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet” (1562) by Arthur Brooke. It was itself based on an: = Italian version (1530) by Luigi da Porto; = Italian version (1550) by Matteo Bandello; = French version as well (1559) by Pierre Boaistuau. PLOT There was a bad feeling between the Capulets and the Montagues families from Verona. They had to be quite and not fight because of the warns from Prince Escalus. Romeo, a Montague, decided to go to a Capulet's costume party (wearing a mask) with his friends, trying to not be recognized. At the party Romeo and Juliet get known each other and fall instantly in love. Juliet's hand was already promises to Paris, a kinsman‘’of the Prince. They get married in secret by Friar** Lawrence, hoping that the union will bring peace to the two feuding families. Immediately after the wedding, Romeo is involved in a street fight between the two families: at the beginning he refused to fight, but when his friend is fatally wounded*°, to avenge on his friend death, Romeo, kills his murderer: Juliet's cousin, Tybalt. He is banished from Verona, and spends the last night secretly with Juliet. Romeo has to leave to Mantua, and Juliet has to marry Paris the day after. Juliet is desperate and the Friar proposes a solution: he will give Juliet a sleeping potion that will make her looks dead. Meanwhile he will send a letter to Romeo explaining the plan. Everybody will think she's dead and Romeo can come to rescue her on the Captulet tomb. By a terrible twist of fate , the Friar's massage fails to reach Romeo, who's told that Juliet is dead. Determinate to share her fate, Romeo kills Paris with a poison, and then Romeo drinks some of it and die on Juliet's side. When Juliet awakes and realize Romeo is death, she stabs5° herself with his dagger". The Friar explained what happened to the two families and the Montagues and Capules are reconciled over the dead bodies of their children. MAIN THEMES LOVE: Romeo and Juliet is the most famous love story in the English literature and love is the dominant theme of the play. The passion of love, in the story, will lead5°on the society, the families, the authority of the Price, the violence and the death. The two emotions of love and hate, with the cruel tricks of fate, push the two charters towards killing and death. The death restores peace between their own families and seals 5°the fate of the star-crossed* lovers. THE INDIVIDUAL SND SOCIETY: the relations between the private desires (family and paternal power, with the feud between the other family; Juliet forced to marry someone that she doesn't love) that are forced to battle against the actions imposed by social institutions (the Prince, with threaten55 execution, banishment...). There is no communication between father and children. Masculine honour obliges (not only) Romeo to do things he wouldn't do. FATE: the two main characters had been defined star-crossed lovers, thats why the development of events in their life are controlled by fate and introduced to a series of 47 parente 48 frate 49 ferito 50 pugnala 51 pugnale 52 avere un vantaggio 53 sigilla 54 sfortunati/sfigati 55 minacciare is also a example of tragedy: she will kill herself because of her sense of guilty that will bring her to madness. *For both characters, Macbeth and his Lady, is a de-humanising journey towards damnation.* SONNETS (1585-1609) They are one of the peaks” of English and world literature. There are some mysterious about it though: = Their author hasn't be identify yet; = Their publication isn't celar if was authorized or not by the author; = The sequence can be not the original one; = The date of composition can be between 1585 and 1609;nc = The source of the plays is not clear: can be jus a Shakespeare exercise or some fact of his personal life. If they are autobiographical they would be a sort of diary of the poet with his reflections about love, beauty, death and poetry. STYLE Sonnets are 154 poetic compositions in form of sonnets (a 14-line written in iambic pentameter). There are two type of sonnets (as well as the form differences and the different organization of contents): = ITALIAN (Petrarchan): an octave (8-line stanza) [with a problem]- and sestet (6-line stanza) [the comment/solution of the problem] . Rhyming ABBA ABBA CDE CDE = ENGLISH (Shakespeare or Elizabethan): three quatrains (4-line stanzas) [first three quatrains: reflections on a particular problem or issue; then: introduces a turning point] - a final couple (a 2-line stanza) [unexpected conclusion/paradox /ironic comment]. Rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. MAIN THEMES Sonnets explore universal themes (love, beauty, art, time, death), but the mains one are: = LOVE: it is seems as a complex, multi-layered felling (pure devotion, jealousy and sexual lust”). It is strictly related to the themes of beauty and immortality, the brevity of men's life and the inevitability of death. According to the poet there are just two solutions to love: marrying an having children, or the poetry and the beauty of the lover. A. FAIR YOUTH: it is talked about on the first group of sonnets (1-126): a young woman that the author tried to convince to get married and have children. Some believe that it hides the identity of Shakespeare's lover. B. DARK LADY: it is talked about on the second group of sonnets (127-154): a woman who is unfaithful? to the poet and causes him lots of pain and suffering. It gives to the poet the opportunity to explore the nuances”? of love, with a kind of beauty totally different from the pure love of Petrarch. 76 picchi 77 desiderio 78 infedele 79 sfumature 10 THE 17th CENTURY The 17th century was a period of social and political unrest®°. The monarchy was overthrown?! and then restored after a Puritan action. With the Glorious revolution (1688) there was the constitutional limitation of the power of the king. James | died (1625) Succeeded by Charles I, his son. Parliament Charles | was a firm believer of the Divine Right of Kings, and he refuses to to come to terms with his Parliament. * He raises takes without the Parliament’s consent. * Charles | wanted to start a war against France, but the Parliament didn't. The King started to collect money illegally and by forced loans*, but it wasn't enough. He summon?? Parliament in 1628: they agreed to grant®* money on the condition that he accepted the Petition of Rights: a) No man was to pay taxes without Parliament’s approval b) No man was to be imprisoned arbitrarily Charles | didn't accept the conditions and in 1629 dissolved the assembly and ruled the country in a personal way for 11 years. 80 malcontento 81 abbattuta 82 debiti 83 convocare 84 concedere 11 He summoned The Short Parliament (it lasted only 1 month) to raise taxes for a war with Scotland, but they didn't allow it. After 6 months he was forced to summon The long Parliament again and they refused to grant funds and eliminated all forms of personal rules. Parliament made an Act: they couldn't be dissolved without their own consent. Parliament asked to Charles | to renounce to all control over military and religious affairs; he responded by attempting*5 to arrest 4 Parliamentarians: the attempt failed and the King had to flee#© to the north of the country. Church He expected absolute religions conformity to the Church of England. James | chose as Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud, he carried out the forms of worship of the Anglican “High” Church, a section of the Anglican Church that gave to liturgy that the anglican practice, and tended to Catholicism in the eyes of the Puritans (lost of them emigrated to America = a building of a new England in the New World was one of the effects of Laud’s persecution). Charles | forced the the pressing of the Church of England on the Church of Scottish Presbyterians. After the parliament Act, Archbishop Laud was imprisoned and executed. THE CIVIL WAR (1642-1649) The country was divided into = Supporters of the King : Anglican Royalists/Cavaliers = members of the old aristocracy and the country landlords; = Supporters of the Parliament (Roundheads - because of their hair short -) : the Puritan middle class (businessman, merchants, shopkeepers and professional man), town and cities. The parliament formed an Army (Ironsides - because of their unyielding discipline -) under Oliver Cromwell, (1599-1658) was an English solder and a Puritan. They defeated the King's army at the Battles of Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645). The King had been imprisoned. He didn't try to defend himself against the charges®”: “no king could be tried by his own subjects”. Cromwell made sign the death-warrant*° to the Parliamentarians (with some difficulties because not all of them were anti-Royalists) and on 29 January 1649 the King was beheaded®® (the only monarch ever be executed). After the exclusion of the king, England was proclaimed a Commonwealth (a Republic). Until 1593, England, was under the rule of the House of Commons: The Rump (because most of its members had been expelled because opposers of the execution of the King), with only supporters of the Republic . There had been the demolition of the Monarchy and the House of Lords. The execution of the King caused lots of protests from Royalists in Ireland and Scotland: = 1649, Cromwell, defeated the Protestant and Catholic Royalist at Drogheda, Ireland. = 1650, Scots attempted to invade England and put on the throne Charles l’s son (then was forced to flee to France in exile for 10 years), but Cromwell defeated them. = 1650 and 1651, Cromwell, defeated Scots at the Battles of Dunbar and Worcester, Scotland. 85 tentativo 86 scappare 87 accuse 88 provato/giudicato 89 ordine di esecuzione di una sentenza di morte 90 decapitato 12 Britain and Scotland were united into the United Kingdom of Great Britain throughout the Act of Union (1707): it reinforced England over the rebellious neighbor and prevented Scotland to go back to the Stuarts. Anna didn't have a heir and she was the last protestant Stuart. The son of James Il (the Old Pretender) was a Catholic, so unacceptable for the nation. With the Act of Settlement (1701) established that the crown would pass to the Protestant rules of German Principality of Hanover (Anne’s Protestant cousins) if Anne died without an heir. THE y AUGUSTAN AGE (1714-1760) Queen Anne died (1714) King George I (1714-1727) He had been elected by the Act of Settlement (thanks to the Whigs), because Anne end up with no heirs. He was the German Elector of Hanover; he spoke no English and didn't like England. 15 With him promoted the Revolution of 1688, during the last years of Annes's reign the Tories was on the peak, but then with the domination of the Parliament was on the Whigs Party. George | chose them as ministers (responded to the king) in return to his coronation. Also, he created the “Prime Minister”: a role that the King needed to link the Cabinet (a council of the leaders of the majority Party in Parliament) and him (because he could speak no English). That role was played by Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745), a man who believed in peace abroad and trade!°° at home. Jacobites were the mayor opposers to the Hanoverians. The two main rebellions were in 1715 (with George 1) and 1745 (with George Il), but both failed. With the battle of Culloden y (1746) the Jacobites had been defeated. George | died (1727) George Il (1727-1760) He fought different wars abroad because of soil, colonies and trade: = The War of Jenkin's Ear (1739) against Spain : for the rights of Britain to trade with the Spanish Colonies = The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) against France = The Seven Years' War (1756-1763): the British expansion in India (with Robert Clive) and Canada (James Wolfe). It has been pursued?° by William Pitt the Elder, the first to visualize the importance of the colonies. The English society in the 18th century: - Aristocracy - - Landed gentry!°2(just below the nobility) - - Poor people (the larger amount) - = The amount of people moving form the countryside to the towns was increasing noticeably. = The coffee houses started becoming the centre of social life: as a place of (meeting people) discussions of politics and literary issues (they wanted to take parts in political debates). = The private club were open to everyone and to promote the circulation of ideas - more people were interested in Politics, thanks to newspapers too. = The weavina!°? industry increase with new mechanical inventions. = New materials arrived from the colonies: England was ready for another evolution. ENGLISH 18th CENTURY LITERATURE Literature aspect of the 18th century: * poetry: it was not very popular at the time because it didn't provide information, debate or gossip. They were trying to keep up with prose writers (which was very popular): trying with more “prosaic” works than “poetic” works. Poet wrote with the same aims as prose: criticism, debate, satire. In the Augustan Age blank verse were replaced by the heroic couplet!® ( a couplet formed of rhyming pentameters) Main topics: politics, cultural, social. 100 commercio 101 portata avanti 102 mobilità fondiaria 103 tessile 104 distico 16 ALEXANDER POPE (1618-1744) “The Rape of the Lock” (1714) a mock-heroic!°5 poem where a nobleman is trying to cut off a lock!° from a nobleman's hair and she takes it as an offense. That trivial!°” subject has been treated with epic language and tone, with the aim of show off the foibles!°* and superficiality of the aristocracy. It had been really appreciated form the contemporaries. * Newspapers: fount of informations. = The Tatler®®° (1709) that was publish three times per week = The Spectator (1711) that was published daily. More than 200 articles wrote by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele (1672-1729) they influenced the opinions of the contemporaries, and also the novel forms. * Novels (it means extended fictional narrative in prose): = At the beginning they were short stories of love and intrigue (opposed to “romances”), but then it become a genre with substituted Medieval and Renaissance romances as the leading genre of prose fiction. = The Novels’ stories were written in a simple, realistic and factual style because the readers wanted to be the ideal protagonist of the stories they read (that's why many of the protagonists were middle-class characters). = Novels were meant to be a “picture of reals life”: the research of human knowledge through individual and realistic experience (according to Lock's philosophy: truth could be gained only through sensory experience over theory and perceptions. = Novels took the place of dramas (with more restrictions on expression than Elizabethan Age) as most dramatic art forms: because novels were new they didn't have any particularly rules to follow. = Women couldn't have a social position and had a lots of free time instead: novels were a chance to escape from domestic life. a) DANIEL DAFOE (1660-1731), Robison Crusoe (1719) b) JONATHAN SWIFT, Epistolary c) HENRY FIELDING d) LAURENCE STERNE *There was an increasing number of readers because of the desire of a refined education, the existence of circulating libraries, the coffeehouses as a place of (meeting people) discussions of politics and literary issues (they wanted to take parts in political debates).* DANIEL DAFOE (1660-1731) Dafoe was a pamphleteer!!° and journalist from London. He was son of a butcher!!!, a dissenter of the Church of England. He studied to became a Presbyterian minister, bu after traveling to France, Spain and Low Countries, he decided to go into business. He started writing after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 (when King James Il was deposed) in support of the new king. The Truth-born Englishman (1701) a witty®? poem about the new king and some accused as a “foreigner”. 105 eroicomico (parodia dell’eroico) 106 serratura 107 insignificante 108 fissazioni 109 meaning “a gossip” 110 polemista 111 macellaio 112 spiritoso 17 = 1814, Mansfield Park = 1816, Emma = 1818, Persuasion and Northanger Abbey *the datas don't correspond to the date of began of the works, it's just the publish (we know that most of the work were written in Chawton)* Her works were very appreciated by the contemporary, like George VI (kept copies of her books in all his residences) and Sir Walter Scott, an author. However, Jane kept her works anonymous just signed with “By a Lady”. Just after her death her brother Henry added a biographical note on her. Probably, that's because writing was still a manly activity and she wanted to overcome a prejudice impose on her by society. In fact, she was the first woman in England to transformed writing into a professional activity (her belief in social progress for women, even showed in her novels). This genres of novels was called “novels of manners”: centered on the social conventions of of the rising middle class’ members. Austen’s novels were generally set in the countryside, about a group of wealthy people (provincial middle class or the country gentry?* - which was her own world) who interact in situations like balls, dinners and tea parties. They were closed communities, and the political or historical events did not impact in any way the story: these novels talk only about character’s growth, self-realization, prejudice and social conventions. Austen uses these situations to focus not just on people manners, but also the way in which people revealed themselves through them. STYLE * THE FREE INDIRECT SPEECH (third-person omniscient narrator the advantages of a first - person narrative) with which gave direct access to the thoughts and words of her characters. With that device, Austen could explore the psychology and the inner world of her characters (from the Romantic tradition) through dialogue, both direct and indirect (without using long or scenic descriptions). IRONY: used to criticize the social hypocrisy, the 18th century women, rhotic novels and the contradictions of reality and social conventions without being explicit of rude. HAPPY ENDING: corrispondono to the marriage between the two protagonists of the story after a series of difficult events (prejudice, social conventions and misunderstanding). It is the symbol of the culmination of the character’s personal maturity and growth. Austen’s novels stood between Augustan novels and Romantic prose. She build the characters through dialogue. She was focus on the contrast between emotion and romantic love and rigid social code (from the Romantic tradition) where only the wealthy upper class and middle class had any role to play. PRYDE AND PREIUDICE (1813) PLOT In Netherfield Park, Mr and Mrs Bennet has five daughters: Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Lydia and Kitty. They were all looking for a husband. When a young gentleman, Charles Bingley arrives, after a series of balls and social encounters falls in love with the eldest of the daughters, Jane. An aristocratic friend of Charles, Fitzwilliam Darcy, finds himself attracted by Elizabeth intelligent but he doesn't hide his awareness of the Bennet's social inferiority. 124 piccola nobiltà 20 When Darcy declare his love to Elizabeth she rejects him because he was the cause of the failure of the relationship between Charles and Jane and of disinheriting*?5 George Wickham, the son of Darcy's former! steward!” and now military officer. Darcy writes a letter to Elizabeth, expelling that he thoughts he had acted in Jane's best interests (he was convinced Charles was not serious about her) and that Wickham is a liar who had attempted to run away with his young sister, Georgina. Wickham escaped with Lydia, causing a social disgrace to the Bennet family. Darcy generously provides Wickham with an annual income? on condition that he marry Lydia and save the family honour. Elizabeth is now ready to accept Darcy's proposal (despide the opposition of his aunt, Lady Catherine de Bourgh). Charles returns and continues his courtship!?° of Jane and she accept his proposal of marriage. The novel ends with the marriage of the two couples. CHARCATERS * MR AND MRS BENNET: * JANE: sweet, accretive girl. * OTHER DAUGHTERS: silly and vulgars. * ELIZABETH: is the dominant character in the family. She is intelligent, quick-witted!?° and sharp-tongue. She is independent: she refuses to be under the family pressures and the impositions of the aristocratic society. She is also pride (which blinds her to the true worth heart of Darcy: obstacle) * MR DARCY: he belongs to an aristocratic world. At the beginning he looks self-centered and cold. He is pride and prejudice(=obstacle). *both of them develop during the novel, overcoming the class division of their society and appreciating each other’s true value.* The characters of the novel are conscious of the role that class boundaries play in life (see how Lady Catherine, Darcy’s aunt, acts with Elizabeth because she belongs to a inferior class): they infect in interactions and people's live. Elizabeth and Darcy marriage is revolutionary: they act according to their will?! and to the social conventions. MARRIAGE AND WOMEN The obsession of the women marriage is caused by the impossibility of an independent financial situation for a woman: marriage is the only way to get a financial and social stability. Also, properties can be only inherited by a woman, only a male heir!* to inherit properties. Elizabeth is a “new” type of woman: she based her life on independence and love (that's why at the beginning she didn't want to marry Darcy). PRE ROMANTIC TRENDS Britain (1760-1837) 125 diseredare 126 precedente 127 maggiordomo 128 reddito 129 corteggiamento 130 perspicace/acuto 131 volontà 132 eredita 21 = 1760-1801 growing anti-classical tendencies and pre-Romantic Trends = 1801-1837 Romantic Age *1801 “Preface to the Lyrical Ballads”, by William Wordsworth = the Manifesto of English Romanticism* 22