riassunto programma inglese 5 superiore, Sintesi del corso di Inglese

Scarica riassunto programma inglese 5 superiore e più Sintesi del corso in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! Romanticism New themes: + Returmnto nature, nature reflect the mood of man. * Cult of sensibility against rationalism of classicism, romantic works were about passion (melancholy). * Cultofprimitive: primitive man weren't corrupted by society. * Loveoof strange, exotic and sublime. «Interest for middle age, as age of violence and passion interest in all form of medieval art (ballads). + Interestin Gothic: express of medieval spirit. * Imagination against reason. The sublime is the result of deep, intense emotion usually terrible emotion but attractive. Associated with greatness For Burke the sublime is obscurity, solitude, silence, greatness, infinity. Beauty is lightness, delicacy, smoothness. Historical background: 1760-1820 George Ill's period Revolution: + American Revolution "no taxetion without rappresentation" * French revolution: freedom, equality, brotherhood * Industrial revolution, agricoltura revolution economic and social changes Born economic liberalism that meant free trade. During the revolution started use of new materials (iron, steel), use of new energy sources (electricity, coal, petroleum), new machine, new system of transportation and communication. In this period the main part of population shift near to the coal mine, and city were born as mushrooms. New machines cause reduction of employed. They were: badly paid, badly fed, badly clothed. They worked 16 hours a day. Children were used to pass through the tunnels of machine. In the slums a lot of people died for alcoholism and illness. Trade unions was founded, and also socialism. Reforme bill: vote was extended to much of male. Romantic poetry The romantic poetry can be divided into 2 generation: Wordsworth and Coleridge: wrote about nature making it interesting (supernatural and mysterious) Byron, Shelley and Keats: political themes (clash between ideal and real) Blake Was born in 1757 in London. He didn'°t go to school, he was self-taught. He began to write and produced his own books. Every pages were hand-printed. He was antichristian, visionary, anti classical, antirational. He created “illuminated painting" combination of picture and poetic text. Main works: Songs of innocence: pastoral mode, childhood as a symbols of innocence in armony with nature. Songs of experience: complex, pessimistic, cruelty, injustice. He regarded Christianity and church as responsible for the fragmentation of mans! life. He had a dualistic view, complementary opposite (good evil, male female) who coexist in the figure of the creator. Imagination is man's way to know the world seeing beyond materials reality. The poet became godlike art is imitation of reality. “The lamb" The poem is divided into two stanzas. The poem is a child's song, in the form of a question and an answer. The speaker opens the poem by asking a lamb if itknows the identity of its creator. The lamb is described as the animal of innocence, like the creature in which there are no troubles, no tensions. The lamb is the symbol of God's innocence and God's love for his creatures. “The tiger" This poem is the most famous and Songs of Experience and it also is the complementary of the poem “The Lamb”. The tiger is terrifying, powerful, beauty but fascinating, elegant. The tiger and the lamb represent the Good and the Evil originated from the same creator and they can coexist. According to Blake reality is made up of the opposites: in everyday life there's good and evil, that is necessary to promote human development. “Without contraries there is no progression” Wordsworth One of major figure of romanticism. He was called poet of nature. He was born in the north of England called "the lake district" he spent most of his childhood in contact with nature which has strong impact on his poetry. He became conservator during war between France and England. He was democratic. Wordsworth and Coleridge wrote together the Iyrical ballads. © The preface was wrote by Wordsworth. - Coleridge wrote about supernatural as real as possible. The Lyrical Ballads were about ordinary situation of common life making them interesting throw use of imagination. They use ordinary languages (could be understood by everybody). They described countryside in opposite to confusion of city, nature was source of feelings, inseparable, joy, is spirit of universe expression of god. SUBJECT: ordinary events and nature LANGUAGES: simple languages, spoken by men WHAT'S POETRY? poetry is spontaneous overflow of powerful WHAT'S POET? a man who have more sensibility and more imagination © Late-Victorian novels: European Naturalism, Thomas Hardy, Oscar Wilde they try to express a sense of dissatisfaction with the values of the time “art must be useful"- Oscar Wilde Charles Dickens He was born in South England, 1812 He began his career as journalist and humorous sketches' writer. He leaves school cause his father went to prison (debts) He wasn't revolutionary, he critiqued social problems but he never questioned the institutions. In 1883 began publishing his sketches or Humorous Novels © 1836 “Sketches by Boz" © 1836-37 “The posthumous papers of pickwick club" © 1843-44 “Martin Chuzzlewît" He wrote sentimental Novels, novels of social criticism and novels about social problems Dickens in this novels show social problems of the time: - Slums “ Bad schools “Medical assistance - inadequacy ofthe measures to help people Dickens weren't tragic his conclusion were sentimental melodramatic, the virtuous were rewarded and the wicked were punished. he changed the story throw his readers' comments. Oliver Twist Oliver is a poor boy, he lived in a state of unhappiness and cruelty in a workhouse. He run away from London but he ran into a gang, who make him a thief but it was helped by a young man. Oliver was kind-napped and forced to him to comment burglary but he was shot. A middle-class family adopts Oliver and the investigations led to the culprit: his half brother who paid the gang to kind-napped Oliver so as to have his father all to himself. Settings: London Three different social levels: “ Workhouses - Criminal world, poverty drive them to crime “ Victorian middle class, values and believe in the principle of human dignity Dickens attacked the social evil of his times: poor houses, unjust courts. Workhouses' residents were subject terrible condition: - Family were usually separated * Little portions of food These were caused by the idea of that poverty was the consequence of laziness and the terrible condition of the workhouse would inspire to get better their own conditions but industrial revolution made it impossible and the workhouses didn't provided social and economical improvement. “Oliver wants some more" At the begging Dickens describes the condition of Oliver and his friends, forced to suffer a starvation for three months. But one boy, tall for his age, threatened some night to eat the boy who slept next him. All the children gather to decided who must ask to the master for more food: it fell to Oliver Twist. Dickens describes the moment of the dinner, each character and his role, and then describes the Oliver's felling. This request has shocked the master, paralyzed the assistants with wonder and the boys with fear. To judge this great form of “rebellion® was organised a board at the end the director of the workhouse, Mr. Limbkins, decided to offer a reward of five pounds to “anybody who would take Oliver Twist off the hands of parish.” “Coke Town" Coketown is a town of red brick or blackened by smoke and ash. There are a lot of machinery and tall chimneys emitting smoke constantty. It has a black canal and a purple river (because of the discharge and pollution). In this town there was monotony, it was all the same: houses, no open spaces, streets, and people were doing the same jobs and the same things. The narrator contrasts life in the industrial city with the goods produced in the factories and their eventual destination, and the nature of this contrast it that the goods produced in Coketown are destined for the homes of the rich who dont want to know where they come from. Aestheticism and Decadence The aesthetie movement was born in France with Gautier, he reflected the sense of frustration of the artist who need to re-define the role of art. “Art for Art's Sake”: True art is for its own sake, and excludes every purpose that isn't pure and disinterested beauty “Bohemien”: Against monotony of life, leading an unconventional existence, pursuing sensation and excess This dottrine was imported in England by Whistler, an American painter, but the roots of this movement can be tracked back to Keats. Pater was the theorist of the aesthetic movement, he rejected religious faith and art ,said, was the only certainty. Rossetti dedicated all his life to his art Life should be lived in the spirit of art as a “work of art° but art isn't didactic. Pater's works had a deep influence on the poet and the writers of the 1890s especially Oscar Wilde and the group of artists that contributed to “the yellow book" which reflect the decadent taste. Beardsley provided the illustrations with black and white drawings. Features of decadents works: - Attention to the self = Hedonistic and sensuous attitude “ Perversity in subject matter - Disenchantment with contemporary society “ Evocative use of language In the late 1880s a group of writers contributed to the journal “La Decadent”, they were: symbolists (Rimbaud, Verlaine) influenced by Baudelaire. In contrast with Victorian materialism and utilitarianism, the followers of this movement set up as their supreme values the only cult of beauty. They refused to subordinate art to moral, social or didactic ends, saying that art has no other end but itself. This was summed up by Gautier in the theory of “Art for Art's Sake® (arte fine a se stessa). * Positivism developed in the middle of the 19th century. Itwas based on rationalism and utilitarianism. The mean of knowledge was reason and the objects of interest were facts and phenomenons, so what can be experienced. +e Decadentism developed in the end of 19th century and was based on irrationalism. The means of knowledge was intuition and irrational instincts. The objects of interest were mystery and the essence of things. Oscar Wilde Was born in Ireland. He attended Magdalen College and there he met Pater and his idea of Aestethicism. He went to prison, after he returned to London but he was refused to everybody, he moved to Italy and France. Dorian Gray Dorian Gray is set in London at the of 19 century. Dorian Gray is a story based on a man who sells his soul to the devil. Dorian Gray was a young beautiful man who leads an immoral life, curios about life Dorian doesn't respect the limits of morality because he thinks that man should live realizing his wishes and his dreams. Basil Hallward decided to paint his portrait. Lord Henry Wotton, typical dandy, devil disguise, convince Dorian to live a life of pleasure. Dorian desires eternal youth and his desire were satisfied but the signs of the age appeared on the portrait. The portrait represent the dark side of Dorian's personality When the painter sees the portrait Dorian kills him. Dorian decided to left ofthe portrait and when he stabs the portrait but he kills himself. When Dorian Gray died the picture returned to its original purity while dorian's face get old. Dorian represents the ideal of youth and innocence while lord Henry is the devil, esthete, dandy. He was an intellectual and a brilliant talker, he convince Dorian to start a life of pleasure and sensations and the portrait began to representation of his soul. He is able to influence Dorian. Basil Hallward is an intellectual who fall in love with Dorian's beauty and innocence, he was killed by Dorian. He is an example of how a good artist can be destroyed in a sacrifice for art. + Third person narrator The most important technical innovation was the shifting of the post of view to the character. The narrator disappear. Joyce Joyce was irish, nationalistic and catholic. He was 20 years old when he moved to France to study medicine. he came back to home when received a telegram which says: °mum is dying pis come back". His nationalism is reflected in the figure of the father. Joyce lived his life with fear of sin ‘cause he left religion and country. in the 16 June 1904 met Barnacle, he run away with her to Trieste where met Svevo. The day 16 June 1904 is the day ascribed in the Ulysse. He wrote only one book, his central themes are always the same. Dubliners, collection of short stories Ulysse, 1922