Scarica Riassunto programma inglese di 5^ superiore e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! ROMANTIC AGE revolutions → industrial rev= development of factory system, improved transportation, middle-class interest, workers in industries. American rev= the war of independence against Britain, T. Jefferson signed the declaration of independence. French rev= 1789 principles of enlightenment led to revolution, Britain has supremacy at sea and Napoleon on land. Growth of towns→ bigger cities, agricultural workers moved, and workers lived in appalling conditions (no hygiene, hunger, crowded places…) lack of rights for them→ born of trade unions to defend workers' rights. New sensibility→ growing interest in humble and everyday life, emphasis on imagination, feelings. Melancholy is associated with a meditation on poor people and death. The sublime = an attitude that excites the idea of terror and pain. Romantic poetry → imagination means to see beyond reality, poet is a visionary, a prophet that points out the evil of society. The figure of child bcs childhood is an important stage that leads to adulthood, children are pure, innocent, unspoiled and uncorrupted. Romantics prefer individualism= solitary state, rebel and atypical. They emphasize the cult of the exotic, of what is unfamiliar and far away. Gothic novel → concept of fear, sublime, terror, disillusionment with enlightenment. The setting of the novel is isolated castle, a hostile, gloomy place. Presence of supernatural beings. Nature→ individual consciousness, living being, main source of joy and inspiration for the artist. WILLIAM BLAKE: forerunner of romantic poetry, freethinker with a strong sense of religion, supports human rights and freedom. ➔ London, description of the polluted city, 3 victims of society, suffering and disease imagination= means through which man can know the world, the poet is a prophet. Complementary opposites: good and evil, male and female, reason and imagination → the progress lies in the tension btw opposite states of mind. Twin poems : ➔ Songs of Innocence = the Lamb ➔ Songs of experience = the Tyger WILLIAM WORDSWORTH: democratic ideas, wrote the Manifesto (Lyrical Ballads) with S.T. Coleridge. Interested in everyday situations, humble people. Memory= major force that allows giving poetry life and power imagination= see into the heart of things Recollection in tranquility= reproduce the emotion through recreative memory ➔ Composed upon Westminster Bridge, description of London in early morning, city silent, no smog, no people just nature. ➔ Daffodils, the experience of a walk in which he recollects his love for nature JANE AUSTEN: master of novels of manners, insight into the psychology of characters, irony and third-person narrator in dialogues. ➔ In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth and Mr Darcy are two opposites in behaviour, they love each other but of misunderstanding, they don’t get on well at first, at the end, they marry. Themes: marriage, love, decorum, wealth of the family, the relationship of father-daughter VICTORIAN AGE Queen Victoria, long reign, strong queen, became empress of India, British Empire huger and huger with colonization. White man’s burden= idea that English can exploit and are superior to other countries (savages). Age of reforms → factory act= prevented children to be employed more than 48h a week poor law amendment act = reformed old laws Industrialization→ more railways, industries, Great Exhibition at Crystal palace Workhouses→ run by church, life in appalling conditions, workers exploited Victorian compromise = people didn’t want to see injustice, pretending like all’s good (moral hypocrisy) respectability= implies self-restraint, and good manners but only on the surface bcs on the inside, there was dissolution, poverty and social unrest. Literature was a vehicle to correct flaws of society, the aim was didactic as they wanted to teach something. Novels were published in instalments, the writer was in contact with the public and altered the story whether its failure or success. CHARLES DICKENS: unhappy childhood, worked in a factory, reporter for a newspaper. He was on the working class and poor people's side. Effective language, repetitions and adjectives. ➔ Hard times, imaginary town (Coketown), Gradgrind educator who believes in facts and statistics, founder of the school where he teaches his theories. (Mr Gradgrind and Coketown). THOMAS HARDY: architect and poet ➔ Tess Of The D’Urbervilles - Alec and Tess OSCAR WILDE: homosexual, through his comedies he made fun of Victorian society. the figure of dandy. The picture of Dorian Gray: scandal, criticism.
