Riassunto World building, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Lingua Inglese

Scarica Riassunto World building e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Lingua Inglese solo su Docsity! Prefixes and suffixes are used respectively before and after the root of a word or its derivatives in order to create a new word, with a different meaning or grammatical function. Prefixes @DIS-, IL-, IM-, IN-, IR-, NON-, UN- are used to form the antonym of a word: E.g. to approve > to disapprove obedient > disobedient legible > illegible legitimate > illegitimate practical > unpractical provident > improvident accurate > inaccurate adequate > inadequate reprehensible > irreprehensible responsible > irresponsible conformist > nonconformist returnable > non-returnable employed > unemployed important > unimportant ®DE- annuls what is indicated by the word that follows: E.g. To decaffeinate (decaffeinare) To decamp (levare le tende) To decode (decodificare) To defrost (scongelare) #eMIS- gives a pejorative meaning to the word that follows: E.g. Misfortune (sfortuna) To misjudge (giudicare male) Misprint (errore di stampa) To mispronounce (pronunciare male) Misunderstanding (malinteso) eCOUNTER- indicates the opposite: E.g. To counterbalance (controbilanciare) Counterpart (controparte) Counterpoint (contrappunto) Prefixes eFORE- indicates preview: E.g. Foreground (primo piano) To foresee (prevedere) To foretaste (pregustare) ® RE- indicates repetition: E.g. To rebuild (ricostruire) Reconstruction (ricostruzione) To redo (rifare) Replay (replica) To reset (regolare) ® OVER- indicates an excess: E.g. To overcharge (sovraccaricare) Overcooked (stracotto) To overexpose (sovraesporre) Overwork (sovraffaticare) ®UNDER- can be referred to: A) a situation of shortage: E.g. Undercooked (non abbastanza cotto) Underdeveloped (sottosviluppato) To underestimate (sottostimare) B) an underlying position: E.g. Underground (metropolitana, lett. ‘sotto terra’) To underline (sottolineare) To undersign (sottoscrivere) Underwear (biancheria intima) C) a situation of inferiority: E.g. Underdog (sfavorito) Under gardener (aiuto giardiniere) Undergraduate (primi 4 anni di università, ‘non ancora laureato’) Undersecretary (sottosegretario) ®-EN means ‘made of*: E.g. earthen (di terra) flaxen (di lino) golden (d'oro) leaden (di piombo) wooden (di legno) woollen (di lana) e-FUL gives a meaning of ‘full of': E.g. cheerful (allegro) delightful (incantevole) hopeful (speranzoso) plentiful (abbondante) wonderful (meraviglioso) @ -IC gives an idea of belonging to a specific field (science, art, literature, etc.) E.g. artistic automatic economic energetic scientific systematic e-IOUS, -OUS, -IVE, -Y indicate a characteristic, a feature: E.g mysterious religious dangerous nervous creative sensitive silky (setoso) rocky (roccioso) e-ISH is limitative and sometimes pejorative: E.g. bookish (libresco) childish (infantile) feverish (febbrile) reddish (rossastro) selfish (egoista) snobbish (snobistico) -LESS means ‘without: E.g. meaningless (senza senso) doubtless (senza dubbio) faithless (senza fede) fearless (senza paura) hopeless (senza speranza) useless (inutile) e-LY means ‘as’, ‘like’, or it indicates a periodicity: E.g. cowardly (come un codardo) fatherly (come un padre) friendly (come un amico) princely (come un principe) daily (quotidianamente) monthly (mensilmente) weekly (settimanalmente) yearly (annualmente) Used to form an adverb: e-LY forms mainly adverbs of manner, derived from adjectives: E.g. instantly (istantaneamente) chiefly (principalmente) easily (facilmente) possibly (possibilmente) decidedly (decisamente) secondly (secondariamente) ®-WARDS means ‘verso’: E.g. backwards (all’indietro) forwards (in avanti) homewards (verso casa) outwards (in fuori) southwards (verso sud) towards (verso) -WISE means ‘like’: E.g. clockwise (in senso orario) crabwise (come i granchi) crosswise (trasversalmente) lengthwise (nel verso della lunghezza) likewise (similmente) Suffixes used to form nouns - Concrete nouns CONCRETE NOUNS: . -ER, -OR, -ANT, -ENT define a profession, an activity: E.g. hairdresser (parrucchiere) actor (attore) accountant (ragioniere) president (presidente) assistant (assistente) ® -ER, -OR indicate also a usage, a function: E.g. container (contenitore); heater (riscaldatore) loud-speaker (altoparlante); propeller (elica) rotor (rotore) -IAN, -ICIAN, -IST define a profession or activity in the artistic, literary or historical fields: E.g. historian (storico) librarian (bibliotecario) mathematician (matematico) musician (musicista) geologist (geologo) -ESS forms the feminine of some titles, professions or animals: E.g. lion > lioness tiger > tigress actor > actress duke + duchess waiter > waitress prince > princess -LET, -ETTE have a diminutive or endearment meaning: E.g. booklet (libricino), piglet (porcellino), kitchenette (cucinino).