SINTESI DEL TEATRO ELISABETTIANO, SHAKESPEARE E ROMEO AND JULIET, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Inglese

Scarica SINTESI DEL TEATRO ELISABETTIANO, SHAKESPEARE E ROMEO AND JULIET e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! OUTLINE ON THE ELIZABETHAN THEATER + SHAKESPEARE + A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF ROMEO AND JULIET Sonnet: 14-line poetic composition perfectioned by Petrarch and brought to England by Thomas Wyatt and Earl of Surrey. A sonnet was composed/made up of 3 stanzas (quatrains) and a couplet. Tottel’s miscellany Sonnets are written in iambic pentameter: it is a type of metric line that describes the rhythm of the words present in the line. Philip Sidney : Astrophel and Stella, collection of poems with sonnets Edmund Spenser: Amoretti, The Faerie Queene Shakespeare: sonnets Prose Philip Sidney was also brilliant in prose-writing: Defense of Poesie, first example of literary criticism. Thomas More: Utopia, philosophical essay in a form of a travel book. Revolves around an imaginary island with an imaginary society. It inaugurated the utopian genre.  Translations William Caxton printed the Tyndale Bible 1594; translations of Boccaccio’s short stories Theatre London melting pot; city of entertainment, government.  In the 16th century the first playhouses ever built in London were: the theatre in 1576, curtain in 1577, the swan in 1595 and the globe in 1599. (Burned in 1613, closed down by puritans in 1642)  The playhouses were round or octagonal, they housed 3,000 people, the stage could be shaped as an apron, it didn't have a curtain and it was supported by 2 pillars. There was an uncovered central area called “ the pit”, surrounded by 3 roofed tiers of galleries. There was a trap door on the stage, called hell, for apparitions of bad spirits and ghosts. Upon the stage there was another trapdoor for good spirits and angels called heavens.  The plays were acted in daylight and for night scenes were used a candle or torch. Language was a fundamental part of the play because the scenery was bare. settings were created by means of verbal technique.  AVOIDANCE OF THE ARISTOTLES’ UNITIES & MIX OF TRAGEDY AND COMEDY There weren't any female actresses and the parts of women were acted by young boys. The audience : It consisted of people called groundlings, standing up right around the stage. They could easily interact with actors but they could get wet by the rain. They drank and ate during the performance and freely expressed their emotions; they went to the playhouse mainly for socializing and for meeting other people. They talked during the play. Then, sitting in the galleries, there were the wealthiest people. Occasionally some people would pay an extra to sit directly on the stage. Monologue is a speech uttered by a speaker who is heard by other people on the stage Soliloquy is a speech uttered by a character who is alone on the stage Aside the aside is a short comment made by a character only for the audience. Marlowe: doctor Faustus: tragicomic tone; disrespecting of Aristotle’s unities; struggle between vices and virtues. Revenge tragedy (blood, horrors, ghosts, revenge, monologues)  Thomas kyd : The Spanish Tragedy: the ghost of a dead comes to earth to avenge Romeo kills Tybalt and he’s banished from Verona to Mantua. Juliet is upset and she also learns that she’s promised to a man named Paris. Friar Lawrence tries to help Juliet by handing her a potion which simulates death. Romeo, according to Friar L.’s plan, would be informed by a letter. Unfortunately, Romeo does not receive it. When Juliet’s relatives discover her body that seems dead, Romeo hurries back to the Capulet’s tomb, after buying some poison. He decides to share Juliet’s fate and he commits suicide. Soon after, she awakes and finds Romeo’s dead body next to her, and she stabs herself. main themes: the forcefulness of love; love as a cause of violence; the individual versus society; the inevitability of fate Love: In this masterpiece, love is the true protagonist because it overcomes enmity, social hate and ancient feuds. The two lovers demonstrate the superiority of love in struggles and death. IN the end, in fact, peace is re- established between the families. The individual and the society: Romeo and Juliet are forced to respect familiar rules such as getting married for Juliet and fighting constantly for Romeo.  The play deals with the social structure of powerful families of that time.  Romeo is the first to transgress his family’s demands because he sneaks into the Capulet’s party. Afterwards he has to choose whether to stay near Juliet or go away, because of Tybalt, who threatened him. He risks his life for love. Then Juliet too understands that Romeo deserves to be her lover and that he can free her from her family. With their marriage, they swear loyalty and love to each other. Unfortunately, family bonds are inevitable and cruel: Romeo learns it through the murder of Mercutio, and Juliet thanks to her parents’ unchangeable will (that she has to marry Paris)  Fate: fate plays a fundamental role in Romeo and Juliet: the protagonists are described as “star-crossed lovers” because destiny will inevitably end their love. Despite the good intentions of Friar Lawrence, fate is unchangeable. Only death can resolve the issues between the families. Main characters Romeo is a dreamy, passionate and impulsive character: however, he demonstrates faithfulness and loyalty to Juliet. Before falling in love with her he was a young and inexperienced lover who is more in love with the concept of being in love than with the woman herself. Moderation is not a part of his behavior, and he’s drawn by it, together with boldness. He considers love the best of the gifts that he could receive from life and he fights to maintain it, so he’s determined indeed. The love he feels for Juliet is far truer and purer than the love he felt towards Rosaline. This can be seen in the end of the play: in fact, Romeo does not hesitate a single second to kill himself when he realizes Juliet is dead. Juliet is more a realist, mature person. Initially she’s obedient and naive towards her parents and does not refuse anything ordered by them. In fact, she’s only a thirteen-year-old girl and her duty is to stay at home to learn how to be a good wife. During the entire course of the play, Juliet will experience a path of growth and maturity, thanks to Romeo’s love. She’s more conscious than Romeo of the consequences that careless actions may have. When it’s clear that she’s going to marry Paris, she mustn’t be obedient anymore