Sintesi inglese 2/3 anno, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Lingua Inglese

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Wish/If only +PAST SIMPLE+PRON SOGG- esprimo desiderio impossibile nel presente I wish I lived in the countryside +PAST PERFECT+PRON SOGG- rimorso/rimpianto passato I wish I had/hadn’t gone to your party I WISH/IF ONLY+ WOULD+INFINITO indica un fastidio Periodo ipotetico 0 CONDITIONAL (verità certe, abitudini) If+ Present Simple+Present simple If I’m tired, I go to bed 1 CONDITIONAL (situazioni reali e possibili nel presente o futuro) If+Present+Will/can/must He will call if he needs help 2 CONDITIONAL (situazioni improbabili,impossibili nel presente o futuro) If+Past Simple+Would/could+Forma base If I saw a smoke, I would be terrified 3 CONDITIONAL (rimpianti, situazioni impossibili nel passato) If+Past Perfect+Past Participle If you hadn’t forgotten her birthday, she wouldn’t have been upset Have something done Have+Object+Past participle- affidare il lavoro ad altri Get+ Something + Past participle It is said that…. / He is said to… It is said that he is 50 years old.. He is said to be… *alleged – believed – considered – excepted – known – reported – understood – thought ecc.. Had better (I had better not) do smt..  Ough to / Should Be about to – Be on the point of: momenti prossimi “ I think the play is about to start now” Be due (to): si riferisce ad un tempo schematico “Flight is due to arrive at 6:00” in spite of / despite After them we use a noun, gerund or a pronoun. They never made much money, in spite of their success. Despite having a headache, I had a great birthday. The train was cancelled. In spite of that, we arrived on time. it is common to use in spite of and despite with the expression the fact that, followed by a subject and verb. In spite of the fact that he worked very hard, he didn't pass the exam. Despite the fact that he worked very hard, he didn't pass the exam. although / even though After although and even though, we use a subject and a verb. I enjoyed the course, although I would have liked more grammar practice. Though can be used in the same way as although It’s time (for somebody) to... It’s time smb did something (quando uso it’s time+ past- significato è presente It’s high time (for) + subj + past simple The last time  I last saw.. / We last went.. 'can't have'/ 'must have' / 'might have' "must have": crediamo che l'azione sia certamente successa. "She must have left the house by now; it’s nearly 11 o'clock." "can't have": crediamo che l'azione sicuramente non è successa (il contrario di "must have"). "She can’t have left the house yet because her car is still outside." "might have": pensiamo che sia possibile che l'azione sia successa, ma non lo sappiamo. "She might have gone to the shops." "might not have": pensiamo che sia possibile che l'azione non sia successa, ma non lo sappiamo. Like “simile a..” confronto tra 2 nomi Like and Such As per dare esempi (skills like/such as..) Either… or  collega due scelte/ collega due parti del discorso dello stesso gruppo grammaticale Neither.. nor – opposto di Either Enough (as “necessary”) - Adj/Adv + Enough - Verbs + Enough - Enough + Noun - Enough of + determiners/pronouns ( a, an, the / this, these,that / my / them / him) So/ Such .. - So + adj / adv - Such + Noun / Adj and Noun - So much + comparative (adj/adv) - So/ such + that Reason - REASON+ FOR+ NOUN PHRASE - REASON OF (SOLO NELLE FRASI FORMALI) - REASON WHY (la metto prima della frase – posso omettere “why” nelle affermazioni)- NO REASON BECAUSE - REASON+ TO + INFIN ON TIME Eventi già calendarizzati/programmati con orario (alternativa- right on time) IN TIME non siamo in ritardo, si ha abbastanza tempo per fare qualcosa - - IN TIME FOR+ NOME - IN TIME TO+ VERB Reported Verbs 1. Suggest suggest having a… (suggerimento generico) Suggest I/HE/THEY.. go (suggerimento x qualcuno) 2. Insisted  on them seeing… She/I/they try 3. I Regretted - (not) taking /having taken 4. Blame (non ha colpa)  he wasn’t/isn’t/is to blame 5. Apologised - (to me) for not coming… 6. Accused  (me) of trying 7. Advise  (lily) to walk.. 8. (was/are) Agreed  (to) 9. Warned  (james) not to (me) against cycling 10. Admitted  + ing 11. Denied  +ing 12. Managed to  13. Threaten to 14. Refuse to 15. Invite (me) to 16. Beg / Reminded Jack/I to 17. Reccomended I/he  try 18. Owing to (a causa di)+ sostantivo 19. Denied  +ing 20. Offered  to 21. Encorauged (simone) to 22. Refuse / Promise / Claim /Agree - to 23. Assure  me/you + that + preposizione 24. Admit / Confirm / Complain / Mention  that + preposizione 25. Succeeded in  + ing (managed to) 26. Bound to  subj + are/is + bound to 27. Offered- to 28. Confessed to 29. Encouraged  (Lisa) to 30. Asked - (John) to… 31. Explained  (to us) (that)…. 32. Prevented - (us) from + ing 33. On the point - of + ing 34. Charged - for+ ing With (the murder of the wife) 35. Can’t help - (non puoi farne a meno+ ing 36. Intention - I have (no) intention + of + ing 37. Came up- + with (avere avuto un idea) Stop  + -ing: compimento di un’azione in corso  +infinit: interrompo un’azione x dedicarti ad altro 1. We had only just finished eating when the waiter brought the bill. SOONER No …SOONER HAD WE FINISHED EATING THAN….... the waiter brought the bill. 2. I didn’t accept the job because they didn’t offer me a permanent contract. BEEN Had …I BEEN OFFERED A PERMANENT CONTRACT………..I would have accepted the job. 3. I regret quarrelling with my boyfriend – now he won’t answer my calls. ONLY If ONLY I HADN’T QUARRELLED WITH MY BOYFRIEND………. now he won’t answer my calls 4. I told my mum not to wait up for my, but she did. ALTHOUGH My mum waited up for me ALTHOUGH I HAD TOLD HER NOT TO…………. 5. She left her husband because he was violent. REASON THE REASON WHY SHE LEFT HER HUSBAND WAS……..because he was violent. 6. I first met Brian at a conference in London. TIME THE FIRST TIME I MET BRIAN WAS…………. at a conference in London. 1. I regret not studying more for the exam. WISH I …wish I had studied…. for the exam. 2. I wish I hadn’t bought that coat. REGRET I regret buying/having bought…………… that coat. 3. She really must read more in English. ESSENTIAL It’s essential that she read more in English……………….. 4. They have been together for ten years – they really should get married. TIME It’s high time they got married…………. 5. You had better study more if you want to pass the exam. TO You …ought to study more/have to study…………….if you want to pass the exam 6. He did not see the importance of having a steady job until his daughter was born. DID Not until his daughter was born did he see………………. the importance of having a steady job. 7. I had just set off when my mobile rang. THAN No sooner had I set than…………………… my mobile rang. 8. It’s impossible that you saw my mother as she’s in Spain. HAVE You can’t have seen……………. my mother as she’s in Spain. 9. ‘I didn’t eat all the chocolate cake!’ said Jane DENIED Jane denied eating ………………all the chocolate cake 10. ‘Yes, I cheated on my wife,’ said Bill. ADMITTED Bill…admitted to cheating on/having cheated on……… his wife. 11. ‘Don’t forget to buy some bread,’ said Jane to her husband. REMINDED She …reminded her husband to buy some bread………….. 12. I prefer living in the city to living in the countryside. RATHER I…would rather live in the city than (live) in …….the countryside 13. Michelle went to work although she didn’t feel well. SPITE Michelle went to work in spite of (despite) her illness/not feeling well/ feeling bad………………… 14. Please leave now. RATHER …I would rather you left I’d rather you didn’t smoke………………………. 15. My sister is married to a very intelligent man. THE …The man my sister is married to………is very intelligent. 16. The company closed because it was managed badly. OWING The company closed owing/due to bad management……………… 17. They say that the Corona virus began in a food market in Wuhan. HAVE The Coronovirus is said to have begun in a food market in Wuhan. 18. Marta is the kindest person I have ever met. NEVER I have never met a person as kind/such a kind person ………as Marta 19. It was a bad idea to go out in the rain SHOULDN’T You shouldn’t have gone out………….. in the rain 20. He got the job although he doesn’t have much experience. DESPITE He got the job despite not having much experience/despite his lack of experience……………… 21. Please do the photocopies whenever you have the time. HAPPEN Please do the photocopies if you happen to have time/the time………………. 22. ‘Why don’t you do a Master’s degree?’ my mother said to me. SUGGESTED My mother suggested that I do………………….. a Master’s degree. 9. ‘I didn’t eat all the chocolate cake!’ said Jane DENIED Jane denied eating ………………………………………………all the chocolate cake 10. ‘Yes, I cheated on my wife,’ said Bill. ADMITTED Bill…admitted to cheating on/having cheated on……………………………………………………………… his wife. 11. ‘Don’t forget to buy some bread,’ said Jane to her husband. REMINDED She …reminded her husband to buy some bread…………………………………………………………………………….. 12. I prefer living in the city to living in the countryside. RATHER I…would rather live in the city than (live) in ……………………………………………………….the countryside 13. Michelle went to work although she didn’t feel well. SPITE Michelle went to work in spite of (despite) her illness/not feeling well/ feeling bad…………………………………………… 14. Please leave now. RATHER …I would rather you left I’d rather you didn’t smoke……………………………………………………………. 15. My sister is married to a very intelligent man. THE …The man my sister is married to……………is very intelligent. 16. The company closed because it was managed badly. OWING The company closed owing/due to bad management…………………………… 17. They say that the Corona virus began in a food market in Wuhan. HAVE The Coronovirus is said to have begun in a food market in Wuhan. 18. Marta is the kindest person I have ever met. NEVER I have never met a person as kind/such a kind person ………………………………as Marta 19. It was a bad idea to go out in the rain SHOULDN’T You shouldn’t have gone out…………….. in the rain 20. He got the job although he doesn’t have much experience. DESPITE He got the job despite not having much experience/despite his lack of experience…………………… 21. Please do the photocopies whenever you have the time. HAPPEN Please do the photocopies if you happen to have time/the time…………………………………. 22. ‘Why don’t you do a Master’s degree?’ my mother said to me. SUGGESTED My mother suggested that I do………….. a Master’s degree. 23. The ministers are about to sign a new Brexit agreement. POINT The ministers are on the point of signing a new Brexit agreement 24. You mustn’t smoke on the aircraft. SMOKING Smoking is not permitted/allowed……………………………………. ……on the aircraft. 25. The company will only employ me if I sign a 2-year contract. CONDITION The company will only employ me on condition that I sign …………………………………….. 26. He’s so rude, he’s really difficult to work with IF ONLY If he weren’t/wasn’t so rude………………………………………………….., he’d be easier to work with 27. The director probably won’t resign despite the disastrous sales figures UNLIKELY The director is unlikely to resign………………………………………….. despite the disastrous sales figures 28. If his expensive divorce hadn’t happened, Bill would still be a rich man FOR If it hadn’t been for his expensive divorce, Bill would still be a rich man 29. "You won't get lost along the country lanes if you always have the map open." long He told them they wouldn't get lost had the map open. . 30 "Ian took the money, not his brother Dylan," Susan said. it