Storia dell'Inghilterra dal XVIII al XIX secolo, Appunti di Inglese

Scarica Storia dell'Inghilterra dal XVIII al XIX secolo e più Appunti in PDF di Inglese solo su Docsity! George III His reign is one of the longest in english history. To reduce public debate due to the Seven Years's War, he introduced new duties on corn, paper and tea. English Parliament responded by repealing them except for tea. Many colonists began to think that they should only pay taxes approved by their local govern. They said:''No taxation without representation''. At the Boston Tea party in 1773 some rebels dressed as native americans, threw the british tea coming from India into the Harbour. Americans divided into Patriots, who wanted indipendence, and loyalists, who wanted to remain part of Britain. War of Indipendence began in 1775: Americans set up an army led by George Washington and on 4th July 1776 the Congress signed the Declaration of Indipendence written by Thomas Jefferson. stated that all men had the right to ''Life,liberty and happiness'' and also that governments can only rule with the approval of those they govern. At the Battle of Yorktown, the British army was defeated and they recognized the indipendence of colonies in the Treaty of Versailles. United States of America adopted a Federal constitution. George Washington became the first President and Loyalists moved to Canada. William Pitt the Younger George III asked William Pitt the Younger to became Prime Minister. He tried to simplify the financial sistem and to reduce debt, improving trade.(Adam Smith's theory of economic liberalism). The United Kingdom In Ireland a group of Catholics and Protestans founded the Society of United Irishmen who aimed to form their own republic. Pitt allowed irish representation to sit at Westminister. The Act of Union joined Ireland and Britain to form the new United Kingdom, And Union Jack became the actual one. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Economic changes: After the Black Death population increased and agricolture was intensified. Open fields were enclosed in smaller one and more efficient form. Cereal production increased, animals were bred selectively and they produced more meat. Technological innovation: In the 18th century there was a succession of innovation like the Thomas Newcomen's steam engine, patented by Watt, that made pumping water out of coal mines. The Loom made clothes cheaper and the demand grown. Innovation became linked to energy generated from coal. This changed the geography of the country: Industrial activity was concentrated in Midlands and North, and the ''Mushroom towns'' were built to house the workers near factories. Cities:Industrial cities lacked of sanitation and the air and the water were polluted by smock. Women and children were highly prized because they could be paid less and because children were small and easy to manipulate. Long working hours, routine and monotony marked the workers' life and increased the mortality rate. Pollution-the toil-heavy drinking made life expectatives low. FRENCH REVOLUTION= NAPOLEONIC WARS King George III suffered of ''royal madness'' and he was uncapable of reigning, he was succeded by his son George IV, that became Prince Regent. The period was of ''Regency''. In France a Revolution started. France declared war on Britain and Holland in 1793. France was unbeatable on land. It was led by Napoleon Bonaparte thet ruled as a military dictator. On the other hand, Britain was very strong at sea. The hero Horatio Nelson was killed at his victory over France and Spanish off Cape Trafalgar in 1805. Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Riots and Reforms The costs of war were huge. The bread price increased, leading to a riot and, in factories, ''Luddists'' smashed machines that were taking their work away. Authorities tried to reprerss, allowing arrest without trial, silencing the freedom of expression. At St.Peter's Fields in Manchester in 1819, a crowd was fired by local authorities: this massacre was ironically named ''Peterloo''. GEORGE IV and WILLIAM IV In 1829 the Home secretary,Sir Robert Peel, created the Metropolitan Police, Known as ''Bobbies''. George IV was succeded by his brother William IV. The Great Reform Act was passed in 1832: it allowed the vote to all male members of the middle class. The Factory Act limited factory employment of children under 9. When William died, he was succeded by his niece, Victoria. A NEW SENSIBILITY: ROMANTICISM The period from the Declaration of American Independence (1776) to 1830 was marked by two main revolutions: the industrial revolution which brought about the idea of progress and the French Revolution which spread the ideas of freedom, equality, brotherhood... they both brought many important changes. In the second half of the 18th century a new sensibility became dominant which came to be known as Romanticism. It was a reaction against faith in reason and promoted the supremacy of feeling and emotions. Indeed, there are many differences between Augustan and Early Romantic poetry Augustan: The Augustan poets emphasize reason so balance, order, moderation, rules. They had a rational thinking , they controlled emotions and imagination The language was sophisticated, they were interested in elevated subject, poor were ignored and society was placed before the individual. Nature was seen as an abstract concept, as a set of divine laws established by God, which man could control and order with the use of reason. Early Romantic: Early Romantic poets emphasize the irrational so the sensibility, freedom, feelings and spontaneity. They were more subjective, used the imagination to describe personal experience. They had a free play of imagination, they had not controlled emotions or imagination The poets were more interested in humble and everyday life. They thought that poor men were a sort of wise because they were in contact with nature ,then with God. The poetry was the expression of emotions and was less intellectual but more intimate. (Seen as the expression of the soul). Poetry helped people to take part in God's divine project because the poet was the only one who could understand nature and explain it to the humble people  In fact poets used to write in a very simple way to allow humble people to understand. And nature was seen as a living creature and man lived in communion with it. It was a new way of considering the role of man in the universe: man is part of universe as the other natural beings. Sublime: A main theme in 18th century aesthetic was the distinction between the beautiful and sublime. For