summary of psychobiology, Schemi e mappe concettuali di Psicobiologia

Scarica summary of psychobiology e più Schemi e mappe concettuali in PDF di Psicobiologia solo su Docsity! The nervous system   Nervous system 1. Central nervous system (CNS) - brain + spinal chord 2. Peripheral nervous system a. autonomic nervous system - control of involuntary muscles (smooth & cardiac) i. sympathetic - fight or flight (energy expenditure) • Adrenergic - working on adrenaline (Adrenaline, Noradrenaline) • Accelerates response to stimuli • Ex: Increases cardiac frequency and decreases digestive functions   ii. parasympathetic - rest and digest (energy conservation) • Choliergic (Acetylcholin) • Usually opposite effects of the SNS • Ex: Decreases CF and increases digestive functions   b. somatic nervous system - voluntary muscle movement & sensations (skin and proprioception)       Phylogenesis of the nervous system • vertebrates o Tubular nervous system o Vertebral column (notochord) with spinal cord o Brain appearance o Segmentation     Central nervous system o detect internal and external stimuli o convert stimuli to electrical signals o carry electrical signals through nerve circuits o integrate the signals o interpret, evaluate and decide on response • brain o senses input, processes information, creates output (e.g. changing body temperature, sweating, movement,...) • spinal chord           o prosencephalon → splits into telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) & diencephalon • remember telencephalon is the most developed structure in the human species o mesencephalon → stays the fucking same o rhombencephalon → metencephalon & myelencephalon         • the brain starts to fold (gyri) as through that we're gaining more nervous cells - the more curves, the better (nobody wants a flat brain) • it lets us have more neural tissue in the same amount of brain                 Mesenchyme obsahuje voľné bunky, ktoré ľahko migrujú, aby vytvorili základné tkanivo kolagénu a kostné a chrupavkové tkanivo   Ektomesenchyme obsahuje bunky neurálneho hrebeňa a vytvára tkanivá krku a lebky     Ventricular system • network of cavities (entricles/spaces) distributed throughout the brain filled with CSF • lined with a membraine called choroid plexus - composed of glial cells - ependymal cells • ependymal cells - designed to secrete cerebrospinal fluid, which flows through the ventricles and the brain • main role of ventricles → production and distribution of cerebrospinal fluid CSF → allows damping of traumatic events → allows removal of waste products from metabolism → contains nutriens and ions required for nerve transmission   • CerebroSpinalFluid CSF o clear colorless liquid - protective layer, suspending the brain in fluid (reduction of strain forces and impact of gravity forces) o constantly flows through and around the brain, removing toxins and regulating the extracellular environment of neurons   • 4 types of ventricles o 2 lateral ventricles • 2 C-shaped ventricles each in one of the hemispheres • they are connected to a 3rd ventrical by an opening called interventricular foramen o 3rd ventricle • narrow cavity running along the midline of the diencephalon • looks like a mishapen donut • the "hole hole of the donat" is interthalamic adhesion • communicates with the 4th ventrical via cerebral aqueduct o 4th ventricle • The main function of this ventricle is to protect the human brain from trauma (via a cushioning effect) and to help form the central canal, which runs the length of the spinal cord.     • parts: brain stem, medulla, pons, reticular formation • functions: breathing, attention, motor responses • begins where spinal cord enters skull and forms medulla   Medulla function: controls heart rate and breathing → enough to survive (eat, breathe, move) Pons function: balance, walking, control of movements Reticular formation: network of neurons running through medulla and pons that regulates signal they receive   2. Thalamus • filters sensory information coming from spinal chord and relays info to higher brain structures • receives info from higher brain and forwards it to the medulla and cerebellum • important for sleep → shuts the signal receiving so we can rest uninterrupted • role in attention     3. Cerebellum • important for coordinating voluntary movement, balance, emotional responses, learning • impaired when drinking alcohol → trouble walking straight     The limbic system • parts: amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, • emotions, memory and learning,   1. Amygdala • F: memory consolidation, emotions   2. Hypothalamus • keeps the body steady!! • F: regulating body temperature, circadian rythm, hunger, governing endocryne system • conected to please and reward     3. Hippocampus • F: central learning and memory   4. Pitutary gland • secrets different hormones   5. Epiphise 6. Corpus collosum 7. Fornix   Brain lobes (5) 1. Frontal lobe • thinking, planning, memory, judgement 2. Parietal lobe • processing information about touch 3. Temporal lobe • hearing and language 4. Occipital lobe • vision 5. Insula • olfatory cortex (smell) • connected to limbic system • receiving and processing infor from taste and internal organs • sexual stimulation and tickling • emotional component of pain perception